Deep Water

i i Dedication This plow is f comp completelyowely in to the 11 men who lost their lives on the Deepwater purview rear on April 20, 2010 and to their fami falsehoods, in hope that this trace shieldament help minimize the chance of nigh different practic wholey(prenominal) fortuity ever happening again. Jason Anderson Aaron Dale Burkeen Donald Clark Stephen frizzlyis Gordon Jones Roy Wyatt Kemp Karl Dale Kleppinger, Jr. Blair Manuel Dewey Revette Shane Roshto Adam Weise ii Ac admitledgements We proclivity to ack todayledge the to a greater extent than individuals and organizations, goernment activity murdericials and agencies athe manages of that offered their views and insights to the fit.We would especially like to express our gratitude to the Coast Guards Incident Specific set Review (ISPR) for allowing solicitude staff to participate in its interviews and discourses, which was invaluable to the tote up of this re style. (A copy of the Coast Guards IS PR report pl nether be found at the missions web berth at www. embrocate run offcommission. gov). We would likewise like to convey Chevron for performing the cementumum tests that proved so particular to our investigation into the Macondo hearty blow off.Related article Why Nations Fail Chapter 5We as easy(p) thank the Department of cypher, which served as our supporting agency, and all of the Department employees whosiery assistant was so es directial to the success and functioning of the Commission. In particular, we would like to thank Christopher Smith, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oil and Natural Gas, who acted as the Commissions Designated Federal Officer, as headspring as Elena Melchert, Petroleum prep ar in the Office of Oil and Gas Resource Conservation, who served as the committee Manager. save most principal(prenominal)ly, we atomic number 18 ambiguously grateful to the citizens of the disconnection who divided their personal xperiences as Commiss ioners traveled in the region, providing a critical human dimension to the disaster and to our to a lower retention taking, as tumefy as the m each masses who testified at the Commissions hearings, provided mankind comments, and submitted statements to our website. To agitateher, these contri howeverions gr decimately informed our realise and led to a better report. Thank you one and all. Copy hang on in gillyflowerht, Restrictions, and Permissions Notice draw off as noned herein, materials contained in this report are in the existence domain.Public domain information whitethorn be freely distri thated and copied. However, this report contains illustrations, photographs, and different information contri only whened by or licensed from sequestered individuals, companies, or organizations that may be protected by U. S. and/or foreign copy go subjugateht laws. transmission formation or reproduction of items protected by copy pramht may necessitate the written permis sion of the copyright haveer. When using material or images from this report we ask that you credit this report, as well as the source of the material as indicated in this report. Permission to use materials copyrighted by young(prenominal) individuals, companies or organizations moldiness be obtained right off from those sources. This report contains links to mevery Web sites. Once you access an a nonher(prenominal) site through a link that we provide, you are subject to the use, copyright and licensing hiatusrictions of that site. Neither the G everyplacenment nor the discipline Commission on the BP/Deepwater horizon Oil fall and shoreward boring (Commission) endorses both of the organizations or views represented by the linked sites unless expressly express in the report.The Government and the Commission take no responsibility for, and serve no bid over, the content, accuracy or accessibility of the material contained on the linked sites. Cover Photo Steadfast TV I SBN 978-0-16-087371-3 troika iii Deep Water The disconnect Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore drilling Report to the Pre berthnt National Commission on the BP Deepwater cerebration Oil purge and Offshore Drilling January 2011 iv Commission Members sorrel Graham, Co-Chair William K. Reilly, Co-Chair Frances Beinecke Donald F. Boesch Terry D. Garcia Cherry A. Murray Fran Ulmer v Table of Contents Foreword fictional character I The Path to Tragedy Chapter 1 Everyone mingled with the farm extinctwas all in all satisfied. The Deepwater sen fourth dimensionnt, the Macondo Well, and Sudden Death on the Gulf of Mexico vi thirteen 1 21 Chapter 2 Each petroleum well has its aver personality The History of Offshore Oil and Gas in the joined States Chapter 3 It was like pulling teeth. Oversightand Oversightsin Regulating Deepwater vital force Exploration and Production in the Gulf of Mexico 55 PART II Explosion and latermath The Causes and Consequences of the Disaster Chapt er 4 scarcely, who cares, its done, end of story, we provide probably be fine and well ca-ca a good cement chew over. The Macondo Well and the Blow stunned(a) 87 89 Chapter 5 Youre in it straighta style, up to your neck Response and Containment 129 173 197 Chapter 6 The worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. Oiling a Rich Environment Impacts and Assessment Chapter 7 People have plan fatigue . . . theyve been planned to death convalescence and Restoration PART III Lessons Learned Indus sample, Government, Energy Policy Chapter 8 Safety is non proprietary. Changing Business as Usual 215 217Chapter 9 Develop options for guarding against, and mitigating the impact of, embrocate spills associated with seaward doing. place in Safety, Investing in Response, Investing in the Gulf 249 Chapter 10 American Energy Policy and the Future of Offshore Drilling 293 307 356 358 359 362 365 366 368 End nones Appendices Appendix A Commission Members Appendix B itemisation of Acronyms Appendix C Executive coordinate Appendix D Commission Staff and Consultants Appendix E List of Commission Meetings Appendix F List of Staff Working cover Index vi Photo Susan Walsh, Associated PressThe magnification that tore through the Deepwater panorama boring rig last April 20, as the rigs knead party completed petroleum production the exploratory Macondo well deep down the stairs the amnionic fluid of the Gulf of Mexico, began a human, economical, and environmental disaster. El til now conspiracy members died, and new(prenominal)s were seriously injured, as fire engulfed and ultimately destroyed the rig. And, although the rural area would non complete the luxuriant scope of the disaster for weeks, the scratch line of to a greater extent than quartette meg put of oil began gushing uncontrolled into the Gulfthreatening livelihoods, precious habitats, and even a unique demeanor of animation.A trea sure as shootingd American landscape, already buff et and degraded from age of mismanagement, faced yet another blow as the oil spread and washed ashore. Five geezerhood by and by Hurricane Katrina, the estate was again transfixed, seemingly helpless, as this impertinent tragedy unfolded in the Gulf. The be from this one industrial accident are not yet amply counted, but it is already decease that the impacts on the regions essential systems and multitude were enormous, and that economic tone endinges total tens of billions of dollars.On May 22, 2010, Pre placent Barack Obama inform the creation of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater horizon Oil spew and Offshore Drilling an independent, nonpartisan entity, directed to provide a double-dyed(a) analysis and impartial judgment. The President nominated the Commission to determine the causes of the disaster, and to change the countrys ability to do to spills, and to recommend reforms to process offshore capacity production safer. And the President state we w ere to follow the accompaniments wherever they led. This report is the result of an intense six-month effort to fulfill the Presidents charge.Foreword cardinal vii From the outset, the Commissioners have been determined to break the essential lessons so expensively revealed in the tragic loss of spirit at the Deepwater perspective and the stark(a) damages that ensued. The Commissions aim has been to provide the President, constitutionmakers, industriousness, and the American people a clear, accessible, accurate, and fair account of the largest oil spill in U. S history the mise en scene for the well itself, how the explosion and spill happened, and how industry and regime scrambled to respond to an unprecedented touch.This was our scratch obligation determine what happened, why it happened, and explain it to Americans everywhere. As a result of our investigation, we conclude The explosive loss of the Macondo well could have been prevented. The immediate causes of the M acondo well gambol can be traced to a series of identifiable mistakes do by BP Halliburton, and Transocean that reveal such , systematic failures in risk management that they place in uncertainty the safety culture of the entire industry. Deepwater sinew exploration and production, particularly at the frontiers of experience, involve risks for which neither industry nor overnment has been adequately nimble, but for which they can and essential be prepared in the future. To assure human safety and environmental protection, regulatory inadvertence of leasing, goose egg exploration, and production require reforms even beyond those significant reforms already initiated since the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Fundamental reform will be asked in both the structure of those in charge of regulatory oversight and their internal decisionmaking process to take in their political autonomy, technical expertise, and their full(a) consideration of environmental protection concerns.Beca use regulatory oversight alone will not be sufficient to ensure adequate safety, the oil and hit man industry will need to take its own, unilateral steps to step-up dramatically safety throughout the industry, including self-policing mechanisms that supplement governmental enforcement. The technology, laws and regulations, and practices for containing, responding to, and cleaning up spills lag behind the real risks associated with deepwater cut into large, high- insisting artificial lakes of oil and fellate located far offshore and thousands of feet below the oceans get a considerable.Government must close the existing gap and industry must support kind of than resist that effort. Scientific understanding of environmental conditions in sensitive environments in deep Gulf waters, a great the regions coastal habitats, and in areas proposed for more exercisinging, such as the Arctic, is inadequate. The same is true of the human and lifelike impacts of oil spills. viii We afford these conclusions, and make necessary recommendations, in a creative shade we aim to promote changes that will make American offshore thrust exploration and production far safer, today and in the future.More broadly, the disaster in the Gulf undermined public faith in the aught industry, government regulators, and even our own capability as a nation to respond to crises. It is our hope that a thorough and rigorous accounting, along with centre suggestions for reform, can begin the process of restoring confidence. There is tidy sums at stake, not provided for the people directly affected in the Gulf region, but for the American people at large. The fearful resources that exist at bottom our out continental shelf belong to the nation as a whole.The federal governments authority over the shelf is accordingly plenary, establish on its great power as both the owner of the resources and in its regulatory capacity as sovereign to protect public health, safety, and welf are. To be allowed to drill on the outer continental shelf is a privi arme to be earned, not a private right to be exercised. Complex Systems near Always Fail in Complex Ways As the carte that investigated the loss of the Columbia space omittle noted, complex systems almost constantly fail in complex ways. Though it is tempting to single out one crucial misstep or point the finger at one bad actor as the cause of the Deepwater Horizon explosion, any such explanation provides a dangerously incomplete picture of what happened further the very kind of complacency that led to the accident in the first place. Consistent with the Presidents request, this report takes an expansive view. Why was a corporation drilling for oil in mile-deep water 49 miles off the Louisiana coast? To begin, Americans today consume vast amounts of petroleum productssome 18. 7 million barrels per dayto fuel our economy.Unlike many other oil-producing countries, the United States relies on private industrynot a state-owned or -controlled enterpriseto supply oil, natural gasolene, and indeed all of our vigour resources. This elemental trait of our private-enterprise system has major implications for how the U. S. government oversees and regulates offshore drilling. It also has advantages in fostering a vigorous and competitive industry, which has led world(a) in advancing the technology of scrape uping and extracting oil and gas. Even as land-based oil production extended as far as the Yankee Alaska frontier, the oil and gas industry began to move offshore.The industry first go into shallow water and eventually into deepwater, where expert advances have opened up vast new reserves of oil and gas in inappropriate areasin recent decades, much deeper under the waters surface and farther offshore than ever before. The Deepwater Horizon was drilling the Macondo well under 5,000 feet of Gulf water, and then over 13,000 feet under the sea floor to the hydrocarbon reservoir below. It is a complex, even dazzling, enterprise. The remarkable advances that have propelled the move to deepwater drilling deserve comparison with exploring outer space.The Commission is respectful and admiring of the industrys technological capability. ix ix But drilling in deepwater brings new risks, not yet completely addressed by the reviews of where it is safe to drill, what could go wrong, and how to respond if something does go awry. The drilling rigs themselves bristle with potentially dangerous machinery. The deepwater environment is cold, sable, distant, and under high stormsand the oil and gas reservoirs, when found, exist at even high pressures (thousands of pounds per square inch), compounding the risks if a well gets out of control.The Deepwater Horizon and Macondo well vividly illustrated all of those very real risks. When a failure happens at such depths, regaining control is a formidable engineering scrapand the costs of failure, we now know, can be harmfulally high. I n the years before the Macondo blowout, neither industry nor government adequately addressed these risks. Investments in safety, containment, and response equipment and practices failed to proceed pace with the rapid move into deepwater drilling.Absent major crises, and given(p) the remarkable financial returns available from deepwater reserves, the business culture succumbed to a fancied sense of security. The Deepwater Horizon disaster exhibits the costs of a culture of complacency. The Commission examined in great detail what went wrong on the rig itself. Our fact-finding staff uncovered a wealth of specific information that greatly enhances our understanding of the factors that led to the explosion. The separately published report of the question focal point (a summary of the findings is presented in Chapter 4) offers the fullest account yet of what happened on the rig and why.There are recurring themes of missed warning signals, failure to share information, and a widel y distributed lack of appreciation for the risks convoluted. In the view of the Commission, these findings highlight the importance of organizational culture and a consistent commitment to safety by industry, from the highest management levels on down. * But that complacency affected government as well as industry. The Commission has documented the weaknesses and the inadequacies of the federal regulation and oversight, and made important recommendations for changes in legal authority, regulations, investments in expertise, and management.The Commission also looked at the military capability of the response to the spill. There were remarkable instances of dedication and heroism by individuals involved in the deliverance and cleanup. Much was done welland thanks to a combination of good luck and hard work, the worst- content scenarios did not all bang to pass. But it is impossible to argue that the industry or the country was prepared for a disaster of the magnitude of the Deepw ater Horizon oil spill. Twenty years after the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska, the same blunt response technologiesbooms, dispersants, and skimmerswere used, to check effect.On-the-g rophy short advances in the enunciate public-private response to an overwhelming spill like that resulting from the blowout of the Macondo well are now evident, and demand public and private investment. So do the weaknesses in local, state, and federal coordination revealed by the emergency. Both government and industry failed to anticipate and prevent this catastrophe, and failed again to be prepared to respond to it. *The chief counsels investigation was no doubt complicated by the lack of subpoena power. Nonetheless, Chief Counsel Bartlit did an extraordinary job create the record and interpreting what he learned.He used his considerable powers of persuasion along with other in any casels at his disposal to engage the involved companies in constructive and informative exchanges. x If we are to make future deepwater drilling safer and more environmentally responsible, we will need to address all these deficiencies together a piecemeal approach will surely put up us unguarded to future crises in the communities and natural environments most exposed to offshore energy exploration and production. The Deepwater Drilling Prospect The damage from the spill and the impact on the people of the Gulf has guided our work from the very beginning.Our first work as a Commission was to visit the Gulf region, to learn directly from those most affected. We comprehend deeply moving accounts from oystermen witnessing multi-generation family businesses slipping extraneous, fishermen and tourism proprietors go-cart the brunt of an ill-founded stigma affecting everything related to the Gulf, and oil-rig workers dealing with mounting bills and threatened floor foreclosures, their means of support temporarily derailed by a blanket drilling moratorium, shutting down all deepwater drilling rigs, including those not implicated in the BP spill.Indeed, the centrality of oil and gas exploration to the Gulf economy is not widely apprized by many Americans, who enjoy the benefits of the energy essential to their transportation, but bear none of the direct risks of its production. Within the Gulf region, however, the role of the energy industry is well unders likewised and accepted. The notion of clashing interestsof energy pedigree versus a natural-resource economy with bountiful fisheries and tourist amenitiesmisses the extent to which the energy industry is woven into the fabric of the Gulf culture and economy, providing thousands of jobs and essential public revenues.Any discussion of the future of offshore drilling cannot ignore these economic realities. But those benefits have imposed their costs. The bayous and wetlands of Louisiana have for decades suffered from destructive alteration to make up oil exploration. The Gulf ecosystem, a unique American asset, is likely to stick silently washing away unless decisive action is taken to perish the work of creating a sustainably healthy and productive landscape. No one should be deluded that restoration on the scale required will occur promptly or cheaply.Indeed, the experience in restoring other large, sensitive regionsthe Chesapeake Bay, the Everglades, the Great Lakesindicates that surface will require coordinated federal and state actions, a devote funding source, long-term monitoring, and a vocal and engaged citizenry, supported by robust non-governmental groups, scientific research, and more. We pep up beginning such an effort, seriously and soon, as a suitable response to the damage and disruption caused by the Deepwater Horizon emergency.It is a fair recognition not only of the costs that energy exploitation in the Gulf has, for decades, imposed on the landscape and habitatsand the other economic activities they supportbut also of the certainty that Americans will carry on to develop the regions offshore energy resources. For the simple fact is that the bulk of our newly discovered petroleum reserves, and the better prospects for future discoveries, lie not on land, but under water. To date, we have xi xi made the decision as a nation to exploit the Gulf s offshore energy resourcesruling much of the Florida, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts out of bounds for drilling.The choice of how aggressively to exploit these resources, wherever they may be found, has profound implications for the future of U. S. energy policy, for our need to understand and assure the lawfulness of fragile environmental resources, and for the way Americans think about our economy and our security. Although much work is being done to improve the fuelefficiency of vehicles and to develop alternative fuels, we cannot realistically walk away from these offshore oil resources in the near future. So we must be much better prepared to exploit such resources with far greater care. The Commission and Its WorkWhile we took a broad view of the spill, it could not be exhaustive. There is nonetheless much we do not knowfor instance, the blowout preventer, the last line of defense against loss of well control, is let off being analyzed and the Deepwater Horizon itself, after its explosive destruction, remained out of reach during our investigation. The understandable, immediate need to provide answers and concrete suggestions trumped the benefits of a eternal, more omnibus(prenominal) investigation. And as we know from other spills, their environmental consequences p range out over decadesand often in unexpected ways.Instead, the Commission focused on areas we thought most likely to inform practical recommendations. Those recommendations are presented in the spirit of transforming America into the global loss leader for safe and efficient offshore drilling trading operations. Just as this Commission learned from the experiences of other nations in development our recommendations , the lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon disaster are not confined to our own government and industry, but relevant to rest of the world. We wish we could say that our recommendations make a recurrence of a disaster like the Macondo blowout impossible. We do not have that power.No one can eliminate all risks associated with deepwater exploration. But when exploration occurs, particularly in sensitive environments like the Gulf of Mexico or the Arctic, the country has an obligation to make responsible decisions regarding the benefits and risks. The report is divided into triplet sections. Chapters 1 through 3 describe the events of April 20th on the Deepwater Horizon, and, more important, the events leading up to it in the preceding decadesespecially how the dramatic elaboration of deepwater drilling in the Gulf was not met by regulatory oversight capable of ensuring the safety of those drilling operations.Chapters 4 through 7 lay out the results of our investigation in deta il, highlighting the crucial issues we believe must inform policy dismissal forward the specific engineering and direct choices made in drilling the Macondo well, the attempts to contain and respond to the oil spill, and the impacts of the spill on the regions natural resources, economy, and peoplein the context of the progressive degradation of the disseminated binary sclerosis Delta environment. xii Chapters 8 through 10 present our recommendations for reforms in business practices, regulatory oversight, and broader policy concerns.We recognize that the improvements we advocate all come with costs and all will take period to implement. But inaction, as we are deeply aware, runs the risk of real costs, too in more lost lives, in broad damage to the regional economy and its long-term viability, and in further tens of billions of dollars of avoidable clean-up costs. Indeed, if the clear challenges are not addressed and another disaster happens, the entire offshore energy enterpr ise is threatenedand with it, the nations economy and security.We suggest a better option build from this tragedy in a way that makes the Gulf more resilient, the countrys energy supplies more secure, our workers safer, and our cute natural resources better protected. Our Thanks and Dedication We thank President Obama for this fortune to learn thoroughly about the crisis, and to share our findings with the American public. We deeply appreciate the effort people in the affected Gulf regions made to recognise us about their experiences, and the term and preparation witnesses before the Commission dedicated to their presentations.We have come to respect the seriousness with which our fellow Commissioners assumed our joint responsibilities, and their diverse expertise and perspectives that helped make its work thorough and productive. On their behalf, we wish to recognize the extraordinary work the Commissions staffscientists, lawyers, engineers, policy analysts, and more performed, under demanding deadlines, to make our inquiries broad, deep, and effective and we especially highlight the leading contributions of Richard Lazarus, executive director, and Fred Bartlit, chief counsel.Together, they have fulfilled an extraordinary public service. Finally, to the American people, we reiterate that extracting the energy resources to fuel our cars, heat and light our abodes, and power our businesses can be a dangerous enterprise. Our national reliance on fogy fuels is likely to continue for some timeand all of us take in benefits from the risks taken by the men and women working in energy exploration. We owe it to them to ensure that their working environment is as safe as possible. We dedicate this effort to the 11 of our fellow citizens who lost their lives in the Deepwater Horizon explosion.Bob Graham, Co-Chair William K. Reilly, Co-Chair long dozen xiii xiii Part I The Path to Tragedy On April 20, 2010, the 126 workers on the BP Deepwater Horizon were going about the routines of completing an exploratory oil wellunaware of impending disaster. What unfolded would have unknown impacts shaped by the Gulf regions distinctive cultures, institutions, and geographyand by economic forces resulting from the unique coexistence of energy resources, bountiful fisheries and wildlife, and coastal tourism.The oil and gas industry, long lured by Gulf reserves and public incentives, more and more developed and deployed new technologies, at ever-larger scales, in pursuit of valuable energy supplies in more and more deeper waters farther from the coastline. Regulators, however, failed to keep pace with the industrial expansion and new technologyoften because of industrys resistance to more effective oversight. The result was a serious, and ultimately inexcusable, shortfall in supervision of offshore drilling that played out in the Macondo well blowout and the catastrophic oil spill that followed.Chapters 1 through 3 describe the interplay of private in dustry and public oversight in the distinctive Gulf deepwater context the conditions that governed the deployment of the Deepwater Horizon and the drilling of the Macondo well. Chapter One 1 1 Chapter One Everyone involved with the job . . . was completely satisfied. . . The Deepwater Horizon, the Macondo Well, and Sudden Death on the Gulf of Mexico At 545 a. m. on Tuesday, April 20, 2010, a Halliburton Company cementing engineer sent an netmail from the rig Deepwater Horizon, in the Gulf of Mexico off the Louisiana coast, to his young man in Houston.He had good news We have completed the job and it went well. 1 Outside in the Gulf, it was still duskybeyond the glare of the floodlights on the gargantuan rig, the intravenous feeding decks of which towered higher up the blue-green water on four huge white columns, all floating on massive pontoons. The oil derrick rose over 20 stories above the top deck. Up on the bridge on the main deck, devil officers monitored the satellitegu ided dynamic positioning system, despotic thrusters so powerful that they could keep the 33,000-ton Deepwater Horizon centered over a well even in high seas.The rigs industrial hum and loud mechanical noises punctuated the sea air as a slight breeze blew in off the water. The crew worked on vanity of the Transocean fleet of offshore drilling rigs, Deepwater Horizon rides calmly on send 40 miles off the Louisiana coast. The $560-million-dollar rig, under lease to BP was position the finale touches on the oil play alongs , 18,000-foot-deep Macondo well when it blew out and escaping methane gas exploded. Eleven workers died in the nut house. According to the governments estimates, by the time the well was sealed months later, over 4 million barrels of oil had spilled into the Gulf. lt Photo courtesy of Transocean 2 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil autumn and Offshore Drilling the well bore, aiming always to keep the pressure internal the well balancing the f orce exerted by the contact seabed. 2 By the time the Halliburton engineer had arrived at the rig four old age in the beginning to help cement in the two-and-a-half-mile-deep Macondo well, some crew members had dubbed it the well from hell. 3 Macondo was not the first well to earn that soubriquet4 like many deepwater wells, it had proved complicated and challenging.As they drilled, the engineers had to modify plans in response to their increasing knowledge of the precise features of the geologic formations thousands of feet below. Deepwater drilling is an necessarily tough, demanding job, requiring tremendous engineering expertise. BP drilling engineer Brian Morel, who had designed the Macondo well with other BP engineers including Mark Hafle, was also on calling card to observe the final stages of work at the well. 5 In an April 14 e-mail, Morel had lamented to his colleagues, this has been a shadowmare well which has everyone all over the place. 6 BP and its corporate partne rs on the well, Ana depressedo Petroleum and MOEX USA, had, according to government reports, budgeted $96. 2 million and 51 days of work to drill the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252. 7 They discovered a large reservoir of oil and gas, but drilling had been challenging. As of April 20, BP and the Macondo well were almost six weeks behind schedule and more than $58 million over budget. 8 The Deepwater Horizon was not originally meant to drill Macondo. some other giant rig, the Marianas, had initiated work on the well the previous October. Drilling had reached more than 9,000 feet below the ocean surface (4,000 feet below the seabed), with another 9,000 feet to go to give way zone (the oil and gas reservoir), when Hurricane Ida so battered the rig on November 9 that it had to be towed in for repair. Both Marianas and Deepwater Horizon were semisubmersible rigs owned by Transocean, founded in Louisiana in 1919 as Danciger Oil & Refining Co. and now the worlds largest cont ractor of offshore drilling rigs. 10 In 2009, Transoceans global fleet produced revenues of $11. 6 billion. 1 Transocean had consolidated its sovereign position in the industry in November 2007 by merging with rival GlobalSantaFe. 12 Deepwater Horizon, create for $350 million,13 was seen as the outstanding rig in Transoceans fleet leasing its services reportedly cost as much as $1 million per day. Since Deepwater Horizons 2001 maiden voyage to the Gulf, it had been under contract to London-based BP (formerly known as British Petroleum). By 2010, after legion(predicate) acquisitions, BP had become the worlds fourth-largest corporation (based on revenue)14 producing more than 4 million barrels of oil daily from 30 countries. Ten percentage of BPs output came from the Gulf of Mexico, where BP America (headquartered in Houston) was the largest producer. But BP had a tarnished reputation for safety. Among other BP accidents, 15 workers died in a 2005 explosion at its Texas City, Texa s, refinery in 2006, at that place was a major oil spill from a badly corroded BP pipeline in Alaska. * *A barrel equals 42 gallons. * * * Chapter One 3 3 Deepwater Horizon had arrived at the Macondo lease site on January 31, at 215 p. m. It was 55 degrees, chilly and clearthe night of a full corn liquor.About 126 people were aboard approximately 80 Transocean employees, a few BP men, cafeteria and laundry workers, and a changing group of workers undertake for specialized jobs. Depending on the status of the well, these might include Halliburton cementers, louse up loggers from Sperry solarize (a Halliburton subsidiary), grime engineers from M-I SWACO (a subsidiary of Schlumberger, an international oilfield services provider), remotely operated vehicle technicians from Oceaneering, or tank cleaners and technicians from the OCS Group. The offices and living quarters were on the two get crosswise decks of the rig.Helicopters flew in and out regularly with workers and supplies, landing on the top-deck helipad, and service institutionalises made regular visits. At its new Macondo assignment, Deepwater Horizon floated in 4,992 feet of water in effect(p) beyond the gentle slope of the continental shelf in the Mississippi Canyon. 15 The seabed far below was near-freezing, visible to the crew only via cameras mounted on the rigs subsea remotely operated vehicle. Another two and a half miles below the seabed was the prize BP sought a large reservoir of oil and gas from the Middle Miocene era pin down in a porous rock formation at temperatures surpass 200 degrees. 6 These deepwater hydrocarbon fields, buried far below the seabednot rightful(prenominal) in the Gulf, but in other oil-rich zones around the world, toowere the brave new oil frontier. The size of some deepwater fields was so huge that the oil industry had nicknamed those with a billion barrels or more elephants. 17 Drilling for oil had always been hard, dirty, dangerous work, combine heavy machin ery and volatile hydrocarbons extracted at high pressures. Since 2001, the Gulf of Mexico workforce35,000 people, working on 90 big drilling rigs and 3, calciferol production platformshad suffered 1,550 injuries, 60 deaths, and 948 fires and explosions. 8 The rig never slept. Most workers on Deepwater Horizon, from BPs top company man down to the roustabouts, put in a 12-hour night or day shift, working trine straight weeks on and then having trinity weeks off. Rig workers made good money for the dangerous work and long stints away from home and family. Top rig and management jobs paid well into six figures. On the morning of April 20, Robert Kaluza was BPs day-shift company man on the Deepwater Horizon. On board for the first time, he was serving for four days as a relief man for Ronald Sepulvado, a antique well-site leader on the rig.Sepulvado had flown cover song to shore April 16 for a required well-control class. 19 During the rigs daily 730 a. m. operations conflux call to BP in Houston, engineer Morel discussed the good news that the final cement job at the bottom of the Macondo well had gone fine. 20 To ensure the job did not have worrys, a three-man Schlumberger team was scheduled to flee out to the rig later that day, able to perform a entourage of tests to examine the wells new bottom cement seal. 21 4 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore DrillingAccording to the BP teams plan, if the cementing went smoothly, as it had, they could skip Schlumbergers cement evaluation. Generally, the completion rig would perform this test when it reopened the well to produce the oil the exploratory drilling had discovered. The decision was made to send the Schlumberger team home on the 1100 a. m. helicopter, thus saving time and the $128,000 fee. As BP swell Team Leader John Guide noted, Everyone involved with the job on the rig site was completely satisfied with the cementing job. 22 At 852 a. m. , Morel e-mailed the Housto n office to reiterate Just wanted to let everyone know the cement job went well. Pressures stayed low, but we had full returns on the entire jobWe should be coming out of the hole well shortly. At 1014 a. m. , David Sims, BPs new drilling operations manager in charge of Macondo, e-mailed to say, Great job guys * * * * The rest of the day would be devoted to a series of further tests on the wellpositiveand negative-pressure testsin preparation for ephemeral defection. * During the positive-pressure test, the drill crew would increase the pressure inside the steel eccentric and seal assembly to be sure they were intact. The negative-pressure test, by contrast, would reduce the pressure inside the well in order to simulate its state after the Deepwater Horizon had packed up and moved on. If pressure increased inside the well during the negative-pressure test, or if fluids flowed up from the well, that would indicate a well unity problema efflux of fluids into the well.Such a leak would be a worrisome sign that somewhere the casing and cement had been breachedin which case remedial work would be needed to reestablish the wells integrity. At 1043 a. m. , Morel, about to leave the rig on the helicopter with the Schlumberger team, sent a short e-mail laying out his plan for conducting the days tests of the wells integrity and consequent temporary abandonment procedures. Few had seen the plans details when the rig supervisors and members of the drill team ga at that placed for the rigs daily 1100 a. m. pre-tour meeting in the cinema means. Basically we go over whats going to be taking place for today on the rig and the drill floor, state Douglas Brown, chief mechanic. 23 During the rig meeting, the crew on the drill floor was conducting the Macondo wells positive-pressure test. 24 The positive-pressure test on the casing was reassuring, a success. 25 There was reason for the mood on the rig to be upbeat. Ross Skidmore, a subsea engineer explained, When you ru n the last pull butt of casing, and youve got it cemented, its landed out, and a test was done on it, you say, This job, were at the end of it, were going to be okay. 26 At noon, the drill crew began to run drill pipe into the well in preparation for the negativepressure test later that evening. 27 By now, it was a braw afternoon. Transoceans top men on the rig, Jimmy Harrell and Captain Curt Kuchta, were standing together near the helipad, reflection a helicopter gently land. Kuchta had come in from New Orleans secure * Temporary abandonment describes the process, after successful exploration, for securing the well until the production platform can be brought in for the purpose of extracting the oil and gas from the reservoir. Chapter One 5 5 that morning to begin his three-week hitch.Harrell was the top Transocean man on the rig whenas nowthe well was latched up. Captain Kuchta, who had served on the Deepwater Horizon since June 2008, was in education when the vessel was u nlatched and thus once again a marine vessel. 28 The helicopter landed, the doorsills opened, and four Houston executives stepped out to begin their 24-hour management profile tour. 29 Harrell and Kuchta greeted the VIPs. 30 Two were from Transocean Buddy Trahan, vice president and operations manager for assets, and Daun Winslow, a one-time assistant driller who had worked his way up to operations manager.BPs representatives were David Sims, the new drilling operations manager (he had sent the congratulatory e-mail about the cement equitable that morning), and Pat OBryan, vice-president for drilling and completions, Gulf of Mexico Deepwater. 31 At about 400 p. m. , Harrell began his escorted tour of the Deepwater Horizon for the VIPs. 32 He was joined by Chief Engineer Steve Bertone, on board since 2003, and cured toolpusher Randy Ezell, another top man on the rig. 33 Like Harrell, Ezell was an offshore veteran. He had worked for 23 years with Transocean34 and was now the senio r man in charge of the drilling floor.He had been on the rig for years. If any people knew this rig, they were Harrell, Bertone, and Ezell they showed the VIPs around. At 500 p. m. , the rig crew, including toolpusher Wyman wheeler, began the negativepressure test. 35 after bleed pressure from the well, the crew would close it off to check whether the pressure within the drill pipe would remain steady. But the pressure repeatedly built back up. As the crew conducted the test, the drill shack grew crowded. 36 The night crew began arriving to relieve the day shift, and Harrell brought the VIPs through as part of their tour. 7 There was quite a few people in there, said Transoceans Winslow. I tapped Dewey Revette on the shoulder. He was the driller master. I said, Hey, hows it going, Dewey? You got everything under control here? And he said, Yes, sir. And there seemed to be a discussion going on about some pressure or a negative test. And I said to Jimmy Harrell and Randy Ezell, Lo oks like theyre having a discussion here. Maybe you could give them some assistance. And they happily concur to that. 38 Bertone took over the tour, wandering on to look at the moon pool, down toward the pontoons and the thrusters. 9 The two shifts continued to discuss how to proceed. It was about 600 p. m. Jason Anderson, a tool pusher, turned to Ezell and said, Why dont you go eat? 40 Ezell had originally planned to attend a meeting with the VIPs at 700 p. m. He replied, I can go eat and come back. 41 6 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Anderson was from Bay City, Texas, and had been on the rig since it was built he was highly respected as a man who understood the finer points of deepwater well control.This was his final shift on the Deepwater Horizon he had been promoted to teaching in Transoceans well-control school, and he was scheduled to vaporize out the next day. He told Ezell, Man, you aint got to do that. Ive got this. Dont worry about it. If I have any problems at all with this test Ill give you a call. 42 I knew Jason well, said Ezell, Ive worked with him for all those years, eight or ennead years. He was just like a brother. So I had no doubt that if he had any indication of any problem or difficulty at all he would have called me. So I went ahead and ate. I did attend the meeting with the dignitaries. 43 cyclist was convinced that something wasnt right, recalled Christopher Pleasant, a subsea supervisor. Wheeler couldnt believe the explanations he was hearing. But his shift was up. 44 Don Vidrine, the company man coming on the evening shift, eventually said that another negative test had to be done. 45 This time the crew members were able to get the pressure down to zero on a different pipe, the kill line, but still not for the drill pipe, which continued to show elevated pressure. 46 According to BP witnesses, Anderson said he had seen this before and explained away the anomalous indication as th e bladder effect. 47 Whether for this reason or another, the men in the shack determined that no flow from the open kill line equaled a successful negative-pressure test. 48* It was time to get on with the rest of the temporary abandonment process. Kaluza, his shift over, headed off duty. 49 At 700 p. m. , after dinner, the VIPs had gathered in the third floor conference room with the rigs leadership. According to BPs Patrick OBryan, the Deepwater Horizon was the best performing rig that we had in our fleet and in the Gulf of Mexico.And I believe it was one of the top performing rigs in all the BP drifter fleets from the standpoint of safety and drilling performance. OBryan, at his new job just four months, was on board in part to learn what made the rig such a stand-out. 50 Despite all the crews troubles with this latest well,51 they had not had a single lost-time fortuity in seven years of drilling. 52 The Transocean managers discussed with their BP counterparts the backlog of rig nourishment. A September 2009 BP safety audit had produced a 30-page list of 390 items requiring 3,545 man-hours of work. 3 The managers reviewed upcoming maintenance schedules and discussed efforts to reduce dropped objects and personal injuries on a rig with exserts, multiple decks, and complicated heavy machinery, errant objects could be deadly. 54 Around 900 p. m. , Transoceans Winslow proposed they all go visit the bridge, which had not been part of their earlier tour. According to David Sims, the bridge was kind of an impressive place if you hadnt been therelots of screenslots of technology. 55 The four * The precise content of this particular dialogue is disputed and is considered more fully in Chapter 4.Chapter One 7 7 men walked outside. The Gulf air was warm and the water calm as glass. Beyond the glare of the rigs lights, the night sky glimmered with stars. * * * * After concluding that the negative-pressure test was successful, the drilling crew prepared to set a cement plug56 deep in the well3,000 feet below the top of the well. 57 They reopened the blowout preventer and began pumping seawater down the drill pipe to displace the fluff and spacer* from the riser (the pipe that connected the rig to the well assembly on the seafloor below). 8 When the spacer appeared up at the surface, they stopped pumping because the fluid had to be well-tried to make sure it was clean equal to dump it in the Gulf, now that it had journeyed down into the well and back. By 915 p. m. , the crew began discharging the spacer overboard. 59 * * * * Inside the bridge, Captain Kuchta welcomed visitors Sims, OBryan, Trahan, and Winslow. 60 The two dynamic-positioning officers, Yancy Keplinger and Andrea Fleytas, were also on the bridge. 61 Keplinger was bountiful the visitors a tour of the bridge while Fleytas was at the desk plaza. 2 The officers explained how the rigs thrusters kept the Deepwater Horizon in place above the well, showed off the radars and curre nt meters, and offered to let the tour BP men try their hands at the rigs dynamic-positioning video simulator. 63 Winslow watched as the crew programmed in 70-knot winds and 30-foot seas, and hypothetically put two of the rigs six thrusters out of commission. Then they put the simulator into manual mode and let Sims work the hand controls to maintain the rigs location. Keplinger was advising about how much thrust to use.Winslow decided it was a good moment to go breeze a quick cup of coffee and a smoke. He walked down to the rigs smoking area, poured some coffee, and lit his cigarette. 64 * * * * sr. Toolpusher Randy Ezell left the evening meeting with BP feeling pleased at their praise on how good a job we had doneHow uplifted they were of the rig. He stopped in at the galley to get a beverage before continuing to his office. At 920, he called Anderson up on the rig floor and asked, How did your negative test go? 65 Anderson It went good. . . . We bled it off. We watched it fo r 30 minutes and we had no flow. Ezell What about your displacement? Hows it going? Anderson Its going fine. . . . It wont be much longer and we ought to have our spacer back. * As described more fully in Chapter 4, a spacer is a liquid that separates drilling bobble used during the drilling operations from the seawater that is pumped in to displace the mud once drilling is complete. 8 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Ezell Do you need any help from me? Anderson No, man. . . . Ive got this. . . . Go to bed. Ive got it. Ezell concluded Okay. 66 Ezell walked to his cabin. He had worked with Anderson since the rig came from the shipyard. He had complete confidence in him. Jason was very acute on what he did. . . he probably had more experience as far as shutting in for kicks than any individual on the Deepwater Horizon. So Ezell prepared for bed, called his wife, and then turned off the lights to watch a bit of TV before going to sle ep. 67 * * * * Up on the bridge, OBryan was taking his turn on the simulator. 68 Sims had stepped to the opposite side of the bridge when he mat up a distinct high-frequency vibration. 9 Captain Kuchta looked up and remarked Whats that? He strode to the port-side door and opened it. 70 Outside, OBryan could see the supply vessel Bankston glistening with what looked like drilling mud. 71 The captain shut the door and told everybody to stay inside. 72 Then there began a emit noise. 73 * * * * BPs Vidrine had headed back to his office to do paperwork. He had been there about 10 to 15 minutes when the phone rang. It was Anderson, who reported they were acquire mud back and were diverting to the gas buster. Vidrine grabbed his hard hat and started for the drill floor.By the time he got outside, there was mud and seawater blowing everywhere, there was a mud film on the deck. I decided not to continue and came back across. 74 * * * * bolt down in Ezells cabin, he was still watching T V when his phone rang. It was assistant driller Steve Curtis calling, also from the rig floor. We have a situation. The well is blown out. . . . We have mud going to the crown. Ezell was horrified. Do yall have it shut in? 75 Curtis Jason is shutting it in now. . . Randy, we need your help. Ezell Steve, Ill beIll be right there. 76 He put on his coveralls, pulled his socks on, and opened the door to go across the hall to his office for his boots and hard hat. Once in the hall, a tremendous explosion blew me probably 20 feet against a bulkhead, against the wall in that office. And I remember then that the lights went out, power went out. I could hear everything deathly calm. 77 * * * * Chapter One 9 9 Up on the main deck, gauntry crane operator Micah Sandell was working with the roustabouts. I seen mud shooting all the way up to the derrick. . . . Then it just quit. . . I took a deep breath thinking that Oh, they got it under control. Then all the sudden the. . . mud started comin g out of the degasser. . . so strong and so loud that it just filled up the whole back deck with a gassy smoke. . . loud enough. . . its like taking an air hose and cohesive it in your ear. Then something exploded. . . that started the first fire on the manoeuver side of the derrick. 78 Sandell jumped up and turned off the crane cabs air conditioner, worried that the gas would come in. And about that time everything in the back just exploded at one time. It. . . knocked me to the back of the cab. I fell to the floor. . put my hands over my head and I just said, No, God, no. Because I thought that was it. 79 Then the flames pulled back from his crane and began to shoot straight up, roaring up and over the 20-story derrick. 80 * * * * Down in the engine control room, Chief Mechanic Douglas Brown, an Army veteran employed by Transocean, was filling out the nightly log and equipment hours. He had spent the day fixing a saltwater pipe in one of the pontoons. First, he noticed an extr emely loud air leak sound. Then a gas misgiving sounded, followed by more and more alarms wailing.In the midst of that noise, Brown noticed psyche over the radio. I comprehend the captain or chief mate, Im not sure who, make an announcement to the standby boat, the Bankston, saying we were in a well-control situation. 81 The vessel was ordered to back off to 500 meters. 82 straight Brown could hear the rigs engines revving. I hear them revving up higher and higher and higher. Next I was expecting the engine trips to take over. . . . That did not happen. After that the power went out. Seconds later, an explosion ripped through the pitch- bootleg control room, acheling him against the control panel, blasting away the floor.Brown fell through into a subfloor full of line of reasoning trays and wires. A number huge explosion roared through, collapsing the ceiling on him. all(prenominal) around in the dark he could hear people emit and crying for help. 83 Dazed and buried in d ebris, he pulled himself out of the subfloor hole. In front of him appeared Mike Williams, chief electronic technician, blood displace from a wound on his forehead, crawling over the debris, screaming that he had to get out. 84 * * * * Steve Bertone, the rigs chief engineer, had been in bed, cultivation the first sentence of his book, when he noticed an odd noise. As it progressively got louder, it sounded like a freight train coming through my sleeping room and then there was a thumping sound that consecutively got much faster and with each thump, I felt the rig actually shake. 85 After a loud boom, the lights went out. 86 He leapt out of bed, possibility his door to let in the emergency hall light so he could get dressed. 87 The overhead public-address system crackled to life Fire. Fire. Fire. 88 10 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling The air smelled and tasted of some kind of fuel.A second explosion roared through, flinging Bertone across his room. He stood up, pulled on his coveralls, work boots, and hard hat, and grabbed a life vest. Out in the hall, clogged with debris from blown-out walls and ceilings, four or pentad men stood in shock. Bertone utter to them to go out by the port forward or starboard forward spiral staircases and report to their emergency stations. He ran toward the bridge. 89 He went to the portside back computer, the dynamic positioning system responsible for maintaining the rigs position. I observed that we had no engines, no thrusters, no power whatsoever.I picked up the phone which was right there and I tried calling extension 2268, which is the engine control room. There was no dial tone whatsoever. It was then that Bertone looked out to the bridges starboard window. I was fully expecting to see steel and pipe and everything on the rig floor. When I looked out the window, I saw fire from derrick leg to derrick leg and as high as I could see. At that point, I cognise that we had just had a blowout. 90 Fleytas hit the general alarm. 91 The alarm went off Report to emergency stations and lifeboats. The rig crew heard This is not a drill. This is not a drill. 92 Fleytas, realizing that the rig had not yet issued a Mayday call, sent it out. 93 Out in the dark of the Gulf, three friends on the 31-foot Ramblin Wreck were out on the water for a day of tuna fishing. 94 Around 945 p. m. , Bradley Shivers train his binoculars at a brilliant light in the duration and realized it must be an oil rig on fire. 95 On their radio, they heard, Mayday, Mayday, Mayday, this is the Deepwater Horizon. We are on fire. 96 At that moment they heard and felt a concussive sonic boom. 97 The Ramblin Wreck headed to the scene, their first tuna outing of the year cut short. 8 Bertone was now back to his station on the bridge, thinking, The engines should be starting up because in approximately 25 to 30 seconds two engines start up, come online. . . . There was still no power of any kind. No engines starting no indication of engines starting. 99 At that moment, the water-tight door to his left banged open and he heard someone say, The engine room ECR engine control room and pump room are gone. They are all gone. Bertone turned around, What do you mean gone? The man verbalise was so coated in blood Bertone had no idea who he was. Then he recognized the voice. It was Mike Williams.Bertone saw how badly torn Williamss forehead was, grabbed a roll of toilet paper from the bathroom, press it on the wound to staunch the bleeding, and ordered, Hold this here. 100 Then he went back to his station and looked at his screen. There was still nothing, no engines starting, no thrusters running, nothing. We were still a dead ship. 101 He heard the water-tight door dead reckoning again and saw another man soaked in blood, keeping a rag to his head, repeating, Im hurt. Im hurt bad, Chief. Im hurt real bad. It was the voice of Brent Mansfield, a Transocean marine engineer . Bertone pulled back MansfieldsChapter One 11 11 hand holding a rag, saw the head wound, and ran over to the bridge door and yelled down to the life-vessel area, We need a medic up here now. 102 * * * * After the explosion, Randy Ezell lay buried under the blown-out walls and ceilings of the toolpushers office. The room was dark and smoky, the debris atop him so heavy he could barely move. On the third try, adrenalin kicked in. I told myself, Either you get up or youre going to lay here and die. Pulling hard on his right leg, he extricated it and tried to stand up. That was the wrong thing to do because I instantaneously stuck my head into smoke. . . I dropped back down. I got on my hands and knees and for a few moments I was totally disoriented. He wondered which way the door was. He felt air. He crawled through the debris toward the door and realized the air was methane. He could feel the droplets. He was crawling tardily atop the rubble in the pitch-black hall when he felt a body. 103 Ezell then saw a bobbing beam of light. Stan Carden, the electrical supervisor, came round the corner. Carden had a light that bounced off shattered walls and collapsed ceilings in the pitch-black corridor, giving glimpses into rooms on each side wrecked by the power of the blast. 04 Stumbling into what was left of the hall was Offshore Installation Manager Jimmy Harrell, who had been in the shower when the rig exploded105 he had donned coveralls, and now was search his way out of what was left of his room. I think Ive got something in my eyes, Harrell said. He had no shoes. I got to see if I can find me some shoes. 106 Carden and Ezell tugged debris off the man they now recognized as Wyman Wheeler. Chad Murray, Transoceans Chief Electrician, also appeared in the hall with a flashlight, and was immediately dispatched to find a stretcher for the injured man. 07 Believing it would save time to walk Wheeler out, Ezell slung Wheelers arm around his shoulder. Wheeler groaned, Set me down . . . . Yall go on. Save yourself. 108 Ezell said, No, were not going to leave you. Were not going to leave you in here. 109 Just then, they heard another voice from under the rubble God help me. Somebody please help me. Near the ruins of the maintenance office the flashlight picked out a pair of feet jutting from the rubble. It was the visiting Transocean manager, Buddy Trahan, badly injured. By now Murray was there with a stretcher.Ezell, Carden, and Murray dragged away the remains of ceilings and walls trapping Trahan and loaded him on the stretcher. Carden and Murray carried him through the smoke and dark to the bow of the rig and the lifeboats. 110 Outside, the derrick fire roared upward into the night sky, an inferno throwing off searing heat and clouds of black smoke. The blinding yellow of the flames was the only sheen except for the occasional flashlight. The rigs alarms were going off, while over the public announcement system Keplinger yelled, THIS IS NOT A DRILL 111 As the 12National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling crew struggled out of the blasted quarters, galley, and offices, in various states of undress, they converged in a chaotic and panicked mass at the lifesaving vessels, putting on life vests. 112 Sandell, the gantry crane operator, had escaped and come around the port side of the deck to the life vessels. It was a lot of screaming, just a lot of screaming, a lot of hollering, a lot of scared people, including me, was scared. And trying to get people on boats. It was very unorganizedwe had some wounded we was putting in the boat.Had people on the boat yelling, Drop the boat, drop the boat, and we still didnt have everybody on the boat yet. We was still trying to get people on the boat and trying to calm them down enough totrying to calm them down enough to get everybody on the boat. And there was people jumping off the side. We was trying to get an accurate count and just couldnt get an accurate count because people were just jumping off the boat. 113 * * * * On the Bankston, Captain Alwin J. Landry was on the bridge modify his log when his mate noticed the mud. Landry stepped out and saw mud locomote on the back half of my boat, kind of like a black rain. He called the Deepwater Horizon bridge to say, Im getting mud on me. Landry instructed his crew to get inside. The Deepwater Horizon called back and told him to move back 500 meters. 114 A crew member noticed a mud-covered mark and egret fall to the deck. 115 Shortly after, Landry saw the rig explode. Before the ship could move away, his crew had to detach the long mud transfer hose connecting them to the rig. 116 As they scrambled to disconnect, the Bankston slowly moved 100 meters back, then 500 meters. As the rig went dark, and secondary explosions rocked the decks, the Bankston turned on its searchlight.Landry could see the Deepwater Horizon crew mustering by the portside life vessels. Thats when I seen the first of three or four people jump to the water from the rig. 117 One of those was Gregory Meche, a compliance specialist. After five minutes of the chaos around the lifeboats, and a series of large explosions, he headed down to the lower deck. He jumped into the water. 118 Antonio Gervasio, the Bankstons relief chief, and two others began launching the ships fast rescue foxiness. 119 Within a minute or two of the explosions, they got the boat lower into the water, and noticed how calm the Gulf was. 20 I saw the first person jump in the water. So I told one of the guys to keep an eye on him. 121 The rig life jackets were reflective, and as the fast craft made its first sweep round from one side of the enthusiastic rig to the other, they hauled Meche and two or three others out of the water. 122 * * * * Back on the rig, Transoceans Winslow had made his way from the coffee shop to the lifeboats, surviving the second blasts wave of concussive force, which blew in the Chapter One 13 13 corridors walls and ceilings. On the deck, a firestorm of flames roared in the night sky above the derrick. 23 Winslow directed the dazed crew toward the covered life-saving vessels, instructing the first arrivals, We need to make sure we get a good head count. comprehend Captain Kuchta standing at the starboard bridge door, he ran up, and said people should evacuate. Kuc