Crimes Against Children Essay

ABSTRACTChild abuse clearly has a negative impact on electric shaverren and rump result in behavioral, cognitive, stimulated, and developmental difficulties. This may lead to great difficulties later in life that will extend into adulthood. The use of proper investigation techniques and appropriate handling of cases, however, smoke result in less traumatization for claw abuse victims.I. IntroductionAccording to Hess & Orthmann (2010), law enforcement agencies are charged with investigating all crimes, but the responsibility is greater when churlren are involved. Because children are more vulnerable than other members of society, their protection under the law must be greater. Crimes against children cover an extensive range of crimes, including but non limited to maltreatment, informal exploitation, sexual abuse, abduction, trafficking and molestation. Child abuse investigations involve many challenges and therefore warrant specific techniques and come acrossations for suc cessful outcomes in terms of cases solved and prosecutions.This physical composition will begin by defining specific terms that are germane to the topic of crimes against children. The next section will provide a mountain range of the problem concerning crimes against children. The following section will offer a guess framework to account for offenders of crimes against children. The fifth section will offer a literary works review of current research findings regarding crimes against children investigative techniques. This is followed by a discussion section that will identify strategies and recommendations for successful investigative outcomes. Finally, the last section will summarize and conclude the important aspects of crimes against children investigation strategies as they relate to successful outcomes and prosecution.The significance of this paper is that it contributes to the criminaljustice system by critically reviewing investigative strategies and techniques as they relate to their mission of successful outcomes in crimes against children cases. This paper is written for colleagues and clerisy who have a professional or academic interest in reducing crimes against children through utilizing the best investigative strategies and techniques.II. Maltreatment of Children DefinedMaltreatment means to treat someone roughly or abusive (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). The four everyday types of maltreatment include neglectfulness, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. A. Child Neglect The failure to meet a childs basic needs. This could include starvation a child, or not keeping a child clean and well-kempt. B. Physical Abuse Refers to violence against a child. While the laws may vary from estate to state regarding the specifics of what constitutes physical abuse towards a child, this term refers to excessive abuse such(prenominal) as punching, strangling, or causing bodily harm to a child. C. emotional Abuse Involves causing fear or feeli ngs of unworthiness in a child. This may include hurling insults at a child, or intimidating a child. D. Sexual abuse Sexually molesting a child, performing sexual acts, statutory rape, and seduction (Hess et al, 2010).III. Scope of the ProblemThe extent of the problem is described by 2 conflicting views. One on side of the spectrum, there is a maximalist alarmist perspective and on the other side there is the minimalist skeptical perspective. The maximalist alarmist perspective believes that child abuse and neglect is reaching epidemic proportions and unless drastic steps are taken child abuse will continue and only get worsened. The minimalists consider the maximalist view to be overly exaggerated and overstated for their own self-serving purpose (Hess et al, 2010). According to Juvenile Offenders and Victims 2006 National Report, child fatalities are the most tragic consequences of maltreatment. An estimated 1,530 children died because of abuse or neglect. 41.1 percent of child fatalities were caused by neglect where physical abuse was also a major contributor. More than three-quarters of the children who died because of child abuse were jr. than four years old.However, some expertsbelieve that child fatalities may be underreported by 50 to 60 percent (Hess et al, 2010). The effects of child abuse are upsetting, disheartening and potentially very dangerous. Child abuse and neglect result in serious as well as permanent physical, mental and emotional damage. Unfortunately, the effects of child abuse may lead some victims to behave in future criminal behavior (Hess et al, 2010). Emotional damage from the effects of child abuse is disturbing. It may cause the victim to have an increased level of aggression along with self-destructive tendencies. Antisocial behavior can put not only the family in harms way, but also the community (Hess et al, 2010). Antisocial behaviors along with physical aggression are two of the most regular outcomes of physical abuse. Fe ar and anger are also incorporated with abused children. Some studies have suggested that childhood abuse and neglect will reduce cognitive skills and can lead to fear deficit disorders. In addition to deficit disorders, neglected and physically abused children do not do well in school. These children tend to produce low grades, lower standardized tests scores and much retention in the same grade, but neglected children are far worse off than those who are physically abused (Chalk, Gibbons, Scarupa, 2002).IV. Theory Framework to Account for OffendersCrimes against children have numerous broad based causations rooted in criminological, psychological, and biological theory constructs. From a crimes against children investigative perspective, the baron and control theory, (as a subset of conflict criminology), as posited by Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson (1990) accounts for a world-shattering niche of offenders. In their theory Hagan et al. (1990) describe the power bestowed to males by the patriarchal system of marriage. While primarily an explanation of domestic violence, the power and control theory also incorporates domestic aspect of child abuse, neglect, and sexual assault (Hagan et al., 1990). Hess and Orthmann (2010) add further support in their claim that 90 percent of child abuse risibles are parents or an adult known to the child. chromatic (2009) notes limitation of the power and control theory is it does not explain or predict violent behavior, only that offending behavior toward children does occur in significant numbers in a patriarchal construct. Even with this limitation, the power and control theory is useful in identifying offendersand developing useful policies and strategies in crimes against children investigations.V. Literature surveilA specific technique for a better outcome for handling child victim cases would be to establish a childrens advocacy center. Allowing these centers to part law enforcement officers, child protection worker s, prosecutors, therapists, medical professionals all in one center will be to coordinate investigations, prosecution and treatment to the young victim. These centers can conduct child-friendly interviews rather than multiple interviews that may be in an interrogation room or in the house where the abused victim was neglected to such criminal activity. By placing children in an advocacy center and using a multidisciplinary team approach, it is easier for a team of professionals to work together to ensure that the maltreatment of the child is responded to in the best possible way with the least amount of further trauma. These centers improve the feel of information and increase the number of successful prosecutions (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999).Unfortunately in the criminal justice system, law enforcement agencies must vie for federal funding and therefore resources like advocacy centers may not always be getable in all cities and towns to coordinate such a team of professionals. Another idea that has been proven to work better than others would be to bring other agencies together and form a multidisciplinary team approach to the situation. The purpose of delivery these teams and agencies together is to limit the amount of times the child is interviewed, to coordinate intervention, and to reduce the amount extra of agency procedures (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999) Joint and coordinated responses help cases not fall through the cracks (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). Joint interviews and monitored interviews will help reduce inconsistencies that may occur and improve the quality of information that is given by the child (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999).VI. Discussion/RecommendationsInvestigating child neglect and maltreatment cases can be very demanding and is perceived by prosecutors as the most difficult to prosecute. Protecting the child from further harm, interviewing the child, and the need to involveother agencies are three challenges that occur when investigating child abuse and neglect (Hess et al, 2010). To help address these issues, there are some strategies in place to help children in need. To protect the child from further harm, under welfare regulations and codes, an officer may place a child in temporary custody without a warrant if there is an emergency (Hess et al, 2010). To help overcome challenges (i.e., short attention spans, difficulty discussing the abuse, and the fact the child was most likely told not to tell anyone) when interviewing a child, officers should consider the childrens age, their ability to describe what happened, and the retaliation by the suspect once the child tells (Hess et al, 2010). One idea would be to consider inviting a social worker or therapist who has studied child psychology and who is officially trained and has experience talking with troubled and abused children.VII. ConclusionCrimes which are committed against children have dire consequences, not just for the victims but for society as a whole. Police investigations of crimes against children require specific strategies and techniques for successful outcomes. With a wide scope of crimes being committed against children, law enforcement officials are charged with ensuring the safety of the child, and get all the information about the crime from the child. This may involve bringing in social workers, creating children advocacy centers or other mental health professionals in order to provide an environment where children can feel they are safe to talk about what has happened. While some solutions to this problem may be expensive, time-consuming, or difficult protecting the child is the ultimate goal for law enforcement and proper training for those who are involved in child abuse cases is paramount to bringing justice for these young victims.VIII. ReferencesChalk, R., Gibbons, A., & Scarupa, H. (2002). The Multiple Dimensions of Child Abuse and Neglect New Insights into an Old Problem. Research Brief, Retrieved April 11, 20 13, from http//www.childtrends.org/Files/ChildAbuseRB.pdfHagan, J., Gillis, A. & Simpson J. (1990). Clarifying and extending the power and control theory. American Journal of Sociology, 9, (4), 1, 1024-37Tanner, J. (2009). teen Troubles Youth and Deviance in Canada, 3rd edition. Oxford PublishingU.S. Dept. of Justice. (1999). Breaking the Cycle of Violence Recommendations to Improve the Criminal Justice Response to Child Victims and Witnesses. Office for Victims of Crime, 6, electronic Source Only. Retrieved April 15, 2013 from http//www.ovc.gov/publications/factshts/monograph.htmHess, K. M., & Orthmann, C. H. (2010). Criminal Investigation (9th ed.). Clifton Park, NY Delmar.