Is Macbeth a machiavellian character? Essay

† †¦for how we live is so far removed from how we ought to live, that he who abandons what is done for what ought to be done, will rather learn to bring about his own ruin than his preservation†.(Machiavelli 12) This is a quote from Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†. This is only one belief of Machiavelli, which, many great leaders have been known to use. Have you ever thought about a leader that possessed these qualities that was from a play? Shakespeare’s character Macbeth represents the Machiavellian idea that a ruler should appear well in public, be smart and strong, and do what is necessary to hold onto power. Shakespeare used imagery, and metaphors to portray Macbeth this way because, although he dies in the end, Macbeth still used Machiavelli’s ideals, and was successful in many ways. Both Machiavelli and Shakespeare knew that it matters how a leader portrays himself to the public. Machiavelli thought that it was important for a leader to appear to be good in public, and hide his bad qualities from his people. â€Å"†¦he should seem to be all mercy, faith, integrity, humanity, and religion†¦.Everybody sees what you appear to be, few feel what you are, and those few will not dare oppose themselves to the many†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Machiavelli 15) Machiavelli used diction to portray what a leader should be like in the old ages, such as; having mercy, faith, and religion. He also says that you should at least pretend to show some of these qualities to your people. As Machiavelli writes, Macbeth talks about hiding his dark self to the world. â€Å"MACBETH [aside]: The Prince of Cumberland-that is a step/ On which I  must fall down or else o’erleap/ For in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires / Let not light see my black and deep desires/ The eye wink at the hand; yet be/ Which the eye fears, when it is don’t to see†. (1.4 49-54) Like Machiavelli’s idea to hide your dishonest self, Macbeth reassures himself to do so. Macbeth’s use of metaphors such as light versus dark, emphasized good versus bad. Macbeth clearly states that he has an immoral side that he is trying to hide form everyone else, and in doing so he believes he will gain more power, and the trust of his people. wrote to get the attention to people, and they both knew the importance of how a leader  should act. Both Machiavelli and Shakespeare knew that rulers need to be able to do whatever is necessary to benefit himself, or the state. Machiavelli also believed that a ruler must do whatever is necessary, good or bad to benefit himself or his state; â€Å"†¦but you must have the mind so disposed that when it is needful to be otherwise you may be able to change to the opposite qualities†¦.And therefore, he must have a mind disposed to adapt itself according to the wind, and as the variations of fortune dictate and, as I said before, not deviate from what is good, if possible but able to do evil if constrained†. (Machiavelli 15) Machiavelli’s ideal pertains to this example of Macbeth doing what he needs to do in order to gain power for himself, by the murder of King Duncan. â€Å"MACBETH I go, and it is done. The bell invites me./ Hear it not Duncan, for it is a knell/ That summons thee to heaven or hell†. (2.1 62-64) Machiavelli’s ideal is shown through Macbeth’s thought on his murder of King Duncan. He is using an apostrophe to say to King Duncan that he will not hear the bells because he is dead. He is talking about this because, he knew that he needed to get rid of him, or else he would not have been able to gain power. As this specific incident shows Macbeth is using a Machiavellian ideal to push himself, and his power further. Shakespeare and Machiavelli knew that rulers should have wit and bravery to really have control of their power. Machiavelli believed that a ruler should be smart, sly, brave, and strong to frighten away those who would challenge his power. â€Å"A prince being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast must imitate the fox and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from the wolves. One must therefore be a fox to recognize traps, and a lion to frighten wolves†. (Machiavelli14) Machiavelli uses imagery/ symbolism to show animals being certain characteristics, the fox being wit and slyness, and the lion strength and bravery. Just as Machiavelli wrote, his rule applies to Macbeth’s character in this quote. â€Å"MACBETH Who can be wise, amazed, temp’rate and furious, / Loyal and neutral in a moment? No man,/ Th’expidition of my violent love/ Outran the pauser reason. Here lay Duncan,/ His silver skin laced with his golden blood,/ And his gashed stabs looked like a breach in nature/ For ruins wasteful entrance; there the murderers,/ Steeped in the colours of their trade, their daggers/ Unmannerly breeched with gore. Who could refrain/ That had a heart to love, and in hat heart/ Courage to make loves known†. (2.3 105-115) As Machiavelli wrote Macbeth is showing this idea. He is using his wit to say he killed to guards out of violent love for the king. This quick witty response not only added to the trust from people around him, but also it stopped the guards from coming back to defend themselves, and challenge Macbeth. Macbeth used imagery of Duncan’s body, which was so perfect and royal lying dead, still looking perfect and regal. Macbeth used this to make it seem that he loved King Duncan so much and he looked up so highly of him, he needed to kill the guards after what he they had done. Both Shakespeare and Machiavelli used imagery to show what a ruler needs in order to hold onto power. Macbeth inhabits many qualities of a Machiavellian ruler, he may not inhabit all, but of the majority he does, because he appears well, he’s smart and brave, and he knows what he needs to do to keep power. Shakespeare used Machiavelli’s beliefs to show what a Machiavellian ruler would be like, but in his case it didn’t turn out successfully for him in the end, because he lost the main idea of Machiavelli’s ideas. This is because Macbeth was able to do cruel things to benefit himself on his way to power, but once he had the power, he lost the main idea of keeping that power, and he went mental. If Macbeth had kept a clear view of exactly what he wanted, and didn’t go a little insane with guilt then he would have been able to avoid the end tragedy of his death. Do you think the play Macbeth would have ended the  same if Macbeth had been able to accept the fact that his cruel deeds were going to further his power and his state?

Especially the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

French Revolution/ Napoleonic Era WHEN THE KING TOOK FLIGHT * National â€Å"Constituent† Assembly, the new assembly not only set to work drawing up France’s first constitution, but engineered a wholesale transformation of French political and social structures that went far beyond anything most of them had requested in their grievance lists. * During the  French Revolution, the  Legislative Assembly  was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792.It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the  National Constituent Assembly  and of the  National Convention. * The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were primarily moderate members of the bourgeoisie that favored a  constitutional monarchy, represented by the  Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal. [1]  The second group was the democratic faction, for whom the  king  could no longer be trusted, represented by the  new  members of the  Jacobin club. 2]  This group claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary. [ * the citizens of Varennes had been asked to elect their own municipal and regional governments and to participate directly in the day-to-day implementation of new laws * Louis XVI fleeing the very constitution he had sworn to defend * Appearance of soldiers in Varennes had led to enormous tensions. We know that this action was part of the general movement of troops intended to protect the king’s escape, a conspiracy in which Bouille was intimately involved. The king’s flight had dangerous conspiracies involving foreign soldiers and perhaps foreign armies * The night the king suddenly appeared in a small town in northeastern France is arguable one of the most dramatic and poignant moments in the entire French Revolution. * Local inhabitants=reshape their lives * Louis’ most perva sive impact on the train of events probably came less from what he did than from what did not do: from his very lack of leadership, his indecision and inconsistency WATERLOO: JUNE 18, 1815 The errors made by Napoleon and other French commanders during the Waterloo campaign were severe, indeed perhaps even decisive * His own destiny was almost more important to Napoleon than the thousands—and finally millions—of lives that were lost in the course of his pursuit of it * Hundred Days (stage four) FRENCH REVOLUTION APP * Directory, a body of five directors that held executive power in France

Native Americans in the United States and Pocahontas Life Essay

This book was the bases and the most informative piece I have seen on a review of Pocahontas life in my perspective. Pocahontas life is a difficult piece of history to analysis for the fact that her life is only denoted by other persons of history writings. She has no known piece of writing of her own so all knowledge is personal based of outside parties. This makes it for sometimes difficult to truly believe everything for many of the views were from white men during a time period where they had not seen many females weren’t around. I believe the author thesis of the book for the Pocahontas part was her involvement with the English and her growth throughout her life. The other thesis of the book from the Powhatan side was there involvement with the English as well and there plan to use the culture but at the same time push them away. Within the first five chapter of Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma it gives you a base review of history. This first part of the book it explains the culture of the Powhatan and how they are laid out. At this point in the book within the first chapter we find out that Pocahontas is only 9 years of age and her mother is nowhere to be found, but her father is Powhatan the chief of many native people and villages. It talks about the arrival of English in 1603 and we learn that many ships have come before us truly being to talk about John Smith and Jamestown. It also mention the arrival of Don Luis and the Spanish, but doesn’t get into much detail he just seems to pop up with the first few chapters her and there. We learn that Pocahontas name means â€Å"mischief† or the â€Å"little playful one. † The author tells us that the native were not completely different from the Europeans just simply behind the times. We also learn that within the native culture of the Powhatan that there chiefs do not come from the next up son, but from marriage of the daughters. We also learn that the Europeans felt that the women of the tribes need to be saved due to their work in the fields and other jobs around the village. It speaks of the native’s religion of their belief in spirits within everything. John Smith comes into play in 1606 when the English begin to prepare for the Virginia campaign. What I learn from John Smith was that he was a captain that has been captured a lot and has numerous stories of being saved by women that fall lustful in love with. As kids watching films and stories we are told of Pocahontas is her and John Smith fall in love, but at the time of them meeting Pocahontas would’ve been ten years of age. The plans of the English and John Smith was to: improve native culture, use the land properly, get there before the Spanish, and bring English enlighten, and a place to send the unemployed English. One of the main fears that I read about in the reading was the fear of the English to become like the Indians. The term we learned in class for this is recolonization. After the landing John Smith gets taken by the Powhatan and convince them not to kill him by way of trade. He promises them weapons which out of smarts gives them a cannon which cannot be moved. Both the native and the English realize the need of each. Without one another the English could not survive without food and the natives want weapons or easier put there technology. Over time many English were sent to live with natives to learn their culture and a native would be sent with the English. The most notable was Pocahontas herself was sent with the English to learn their language and lifestyle. The book talks of Pocahontas marriage first to a native warrior, but it fails to mention what happens to him. She later marries John Rolfe an English man who experience much of the reverse colonization. Before her marriage though Pocahontas was kidnapped one of the main characters they looked over her kidnapping was Sir Thomas Dale who was the first Marshall of Virginia. Pocahontas would declare herself a Christian in 1616 and then start her life with John. They would build a log on the land John was granted from the Virginia Company. They would have two children together in their lifetime. Shortly after being settled in there Pocahontas would go to London and experience true English culture. Pocahontas would become very ill around the time the Rolfe family was ready to head back to Virginia. Pocahontas died on March 21, 1617 in the Rolfe inn. What I learned from this book that for someone of her time period and of native culture Pocahontas got to see much more than any Native American of her time period for sure. I learned that much of what we were taught or told of her in are childhood was wrong. I learned that john smith stories could not be trusted. The feeling I receive as well is Pocahontas rejected her culture and tribe, but in return was probably rejected in a way due to her mother situation. Though she might have be royal in a way just from some of the information I read. The book was good though and I enjoyed the insist of Pocahontas life.

Toy Watch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toy Watch - Essay Example As the discussion declares Toy Watch is basically a wrist watch company based in Italy. Its innovation lies in its plastic watchbands in bracelet style which gave stiff competition to luxury statement provided by Swatch watches. The company was founded in the year 2005 but in less than 2 years, it has reported mammoth profits because of its new product idea and a well-organized distribution and promotion policy intact with low prices that are affordable by any consumer group. Its heart throb features are its light weight, oversized dials and Italian designing marvel by Marco Mavilla, a Milan-based designer. The popularity and success of Toy Watch is also supplemented by its endorsements with celebrities like Oprah Winfrey, First Lady Michelle Obama, Katie Holmes and so on. This paper stresses that the strategies of a company are examined in terms of four features of namely the product, price, place and promotion. Also termed as four P’s model, the marketing mix determines how the strategy should be pursued in different markets with varying customer preferences, saturation and competition levels. Talking of Toy Watch product, its tactical features are its stylish designing and use of polycarbonate material which blends well with any kind of traditional watch material like steel, ceramic, plastic or crystal and gives the same Italian finish with light weight and unimaginable designs. Its color choices also reveal its product planning and development genius because wrist watches top the priority list of fashion accessories and every day a new design kicks off the older one. As such, with a plethora of color ranges, Toy Watch has targeted the teenage group very effectively when they go for individual dress matching with every single accessory. In te rms of pricing, this is again the competitive edge of Toy Watch whereby it uses penetration pricing to capture the new markets created and gained by this class of plastic band watches. Because of low pricing tactics, Toy Watch was able to garner more market share owing to the affordability its products offered to the various teenager and other groups. The luxury concept of Toy Watch products is applied in its distribution strategies too (Soller 2006). With endorsements from top notch celebs and presenting the watches in jewellery shops and exclusive retailers like Fifth Avenue, Selfridges and Harrods (Italia n.d). This keeps its quality and luxury image intact despite its low pricing. Promotion wise, Toy Watch makes use of not only charity shows but also female sizzling personalities and revolutionary technologies in advertising the distinctive factor of their products. For instance, it partnered with Keep A Child Alive Charity whereby half of the revenues coming from sale of its se lected watches would go towards this charity initiative. Such efforts link the social responsibility and ethical consciousness of the company with the customers and favor the brand image. With Miyota Quartz Movement (Howard n.d) and presentation of Toy watch products on Oprah Winfrey show (Green n.d), it has captured all segments of consumers ranging from most sought after personalities to common men. Factors adding to the customer value Theoretically, customer value propositions which aim to provide them the maximum returns on their investments and utilities of time, place

Crito Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito Plato - Essay Example He knew that the only way of making better amends was by making peace with himself rather than keep on running yet he was already past seventy years. He opined that the best thing for Crito was not to follow or care about the opinions of the many but to adhere to the law. Crito adamantly believes that the opinion of the many has led to the evils of the world, and the way Socrates was treated was a show enough that they were lost of good opinion (Ibid. 51). Agreeably, Socrates seems to think more about what will happen to him and his friends who are willing to risk their lives to have him get out jail. I believe that the best thing as Socrates notes is the adherence to the law. This is something that many do not agree with because corruption has infiltrated many authoritative figures, and the best way of making sure that justice is not served is by offering a little money to achieve personal goals. This also fails to achieve the notable aspects of the society that could allow the world to make better changes and allow the rule of law to take more precedence in dealing with issues within the society. The reflection given by Socrates against Crito is that the wise will always make peace within and not fear what the majority think or feel. They will do anything that is within the law even it if is unjust and may lead to death. Socrates holds on morals that Crito seems to question, but agrees that Socrates is truthful in many of the issues discussed. Socrates wisely listens to what Crito has to say and makes choices based on his volition. He sees the plot as very tempting, but also recognizes the fact that the greater the zeal, the greater the danger (Ibid. 53). He knows that if the plan backfires, many more will be put to hang, and that would make lesser sense. He knows that his mistakes should not be placed on a platform that frightens the rest of the society but which define the fairest way of

Answer the questions in Bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer the questions in Bold - Essay Example However, the deterrence of illness and injury, no matter how advanced, is unlikely to result in the total elimination of the need for further care. Where prevention is unsuccessful or not possible, the second step in the continuum is primary care. This is perhaps the most utilized part of the system, perhaps even overused, as people seek counsel at local doctors offices, and through other first-contact medical providers in their community. A large number of interactions at this level result in the satiation of the patients immediate healthcare concerns, eliminating the need to seek further types of care. When further treatment is required, secondary care services act as the next level in the continuum of care. Acute hospital services like emergency room visits, as well as appointments with specialists (that often require referrals from a primary provider) such as psychiatrists, and cardiologists. Tertiary care takes place when specialists and/or special hospitals (burn centers for example) are involved with inpatient care. Intensive rehabilitation services, and long-term inpatient care represent the next two continuum levels, respectively. The final stage in the continuum of care is comprised of end-of-life services such as hospices and palliative care treatments. As would be expected, comfort of the patient is the primary focus at the end of the healthcare continuum. Like any service, the success of delivering healthcare with consistently high quality across the continuum does not come without challenges. One of the most impactful determinants of care effectiveness is the geographic location of the population under study. As is the case with most industries, central hubs of operations tend to be placed in most populated areas (now commonly in the form of cities). While this approach is reasonable from a statistical perspective, the fact remains that this trend threatens rural populations with the unavailability

Journalism of the Founders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journalism of the Founders - Essay Example According to the paper  truthful reporting leaves no scope for adding opinions, lest it be called yellow journalism. But, the journalists and editors too are part of the society. They have a responsibility to highlight the wrongs, illegal activities and excesses being committed against the society, by some powerful people. Going through the articles it is more than apparent that American Revolution was indeed influenced by the writings at that time. In fact, it won’t be an exaggeration to say that the writings developed the urge in revolutionaries for freeing themselves from unjustified occupation. Thomas Jefferson aptly acknowledged the contribution of Tom Paine for his critical role in ‘propelling the American colonists towards independence from Great Britain’. Journalists too are human beings and they too have political leanings.This study highlights that  history testifies that, there have been numerous attempts to make use of the newspapers and media on p ure political considerations, but the impact have never been so high as to bring about a monumental change. This shows that the journalistic writings alone are not considered the final statement of truth. In fact, carrying through such imaginary and untenable arguments has become much more difficult in today’s times. Publications like the ‘Journal of Occurrences’ and Thomas Paine’s ‘Common Sense’ and ‘Crisis’ provided a window of hope to the people oppressed by the colonial powers. Such publications were used as discussion forums by the people.... Such publications were used as discussion forums by the people. Comparing such publications with the present times led by the IT era, blogging seems to be the forum for people to come out with their opinions/ anger a particular set of people and circumstances. The major difference being the speed for information exchange and the number of people whose views can be accommodated on the pages. Earlier, the information used to take days/ weeks and months to travel from one place to another, but the internet has made possible the information exchange at a speed of light. Though the media landscape has undergone a sea-change since the times of the American Revolution, yet the basic concept remains similar. In today's media rich environment, journalism, the profession, has acquired newer dimensions. Be it the coverage of war on Iraq and Afghanistan or the hidden camera sting operations, more value addition has taken place in the traditional form of journalism. Adverse circumstances appear to be the basic breeding ground for journalistic excellence. Duri ng the occupation of American land, the French and British soldiers exhibited outrageous behavior and resorted to brutalities against women, which led to simmering discontent, further fueled by the writings from the likes of Tom Paine, Sam Adams etc. This had definite contribution towards shaping the revolution. Journalistic writings have the ability to read pulse of the people, and after gathering the realistic feedback, the writings help in generating a debate amongst larger section of masses. Not only the printed publications, but any media with a mass appeal like poets, writers, journalists, singers, drama

Claim to Cancel the Legitimacy of Gambling Essay

Claim to Cancel the Legitimacy of Gambling - Essay Example The organization and development of my presentation were divided into three points. The first category was to clarify some misconceptions about gambling. For instance, people perceive gambling as a hobby. I persuaded them to understand that gambling is a serious business. In addition, I informed the audience that, as individuals, we cannot control chance or luck. The second point elaborated on the health risks associated with gambling. Here, I mentioned the serious disease associated with people addicted to gambling. The diseases were such as liver disease, high blood pressure, increased rates of heart diseases and angina. My final point was ideally to support my presentation goal. I was able to convince them to claim to cancel gambling indirectly via clearly showing the existing relationship between gambling and increased rate of crimes and drug business. As a matter of fact, I made an outline to my professor to make sure that my structure was easy to follow. I provided enough testi mony when I used the statistic. Throughout my presentation, I used transitions to navigate from one point to another. Unfortunately, my conclusion ended abruptly as my time was already out. Therefore, I was unable to conclude what I had prepared for my audience. My use of verbal communication was fine as everyone could get me clearly. This was evident from the various questions asked by the audience. However, I had some weakness in pronouncing some words but that did not stop me from continuing with my presentation. With nonverbal delivery, I tried my level best to maintain eye contact with my audience. This is because eye contact helps in establishing a relationship with the subjects in question. In addition, I tried to smile when appropriate to create a friendly environment.  

CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CSR - Essay Example 2. Company 1: The first company selected for review is Apple Inc., which has been the leading cellular firm since its beginning. 2.1 Apple’s Corporate Social Responsibility The main features of Apple’s corporate social responsibility as stated in the website of the company include a safer supply chain, respect and dignity for employees, and eco-friendly manufacturing processes. All of these features suggest that Apple Inc. takes good care of its adherence to the principles of corporate social responsibility. It is also stated on the website that the company considered and followed the guidelines of Global Reporting Initiative to prepare the information about CSR. Let us now discuss the main aspects of Apple’s Corporate Social Responsibility. 2.1.1 Environment Protection Apple Inc. makes special efforts for greenhouse gas emissions. In 2012, it is estimated that the company’s input in the greenhouse gas emissions was nearly 30.9 million metric tons (Apple I nc. 2013). Apple Inc. has adopted a well-planned approach to ensure environmental friendliness. The company finds ways to reduce the carbon footprint though everything ranging from all types of products to all facilities. Apple Inc. large input in the greenhouse gas emissions represent the way the company manufactures its products and carry out all business processes. The main source of Apple’s greenhouse gas emissions is its products, which include every activity involved in product development from manufacturing to recycling. The other but comparatively very minor source of emissions is its facilities and data centers. The company pays special attention towards bringing reduction in the use of energy to manufacture the products because to be energy efficient is essential for large-scale greenhouse gas emissions. 2.1.1.1 Renewable Energy If we talk about the efforts of Apple inc. towards environmental sustainability, we come to that the company makes use of renewable energy sources to reduce the burden on current sources of energy. The use of renewable energies also reduces the carbon footprint by reducing the impact of data centers and corporate facilities (Apple Inc. 2013). 2.1.1.2 Recycling The company also stresses on the importance of recycling and takes considerable steps to recycle the used products to make them usable once again. The company collects all e-waste through voluntary and regulatory programs and processes it for reuse. 2.1.1.3 Energy Efficiency The company measures the amount of greenhouse has emission released by the products, as well as during production of products through the life cycle approach. The company believes that this is the step that no other company takes to measure the level of energy efficiency (Apple Inc. 2013). 2.1.2 Supplier Responsibility Apple Inc. also takes care of employee rights and provides them with safe workplace so that they can fulfill their responsibilities properly. Not only this, the company also pr ovides educational opportunities to employees in order to for them to improve their knowledge and work potential. Through inspections and improvement plans, the company makes sure that the suppliers adhere to the company’s code of conduct. 2.1.3 Labor and Human Rights Apple Inc. also holds suppliers responsible for upholding the employees’

Cochlear Implants and the Culture of Deafness Essay

Cochlear Implants and the Culture of Deafness - Essay Example This paper will examine whether the introduction of the neonatal hearing screening program has changed how the deaf community thinks about cochlear implants and further highlights the role the deaf community and cochlear implants advocates. A social model of deafness is part of disability that is linked to arising from the disabled people themselves, friends, family members, associated political and social networks. One aspect that discourages the understanding of an impaired condition by the promoter of cochlear implants is lack of impression. The Deaf Community insists that arguments concerning the deaf be made from the perspective of the deaf party and not his parents or the society. There are individuals in the society who do not understand the use of cochlear implants on the hearing impaired. In this case, they tend to assume the use without exactly knowing what they are meant for. Such insinuations obvious in the society neglect the deaf person’s opinion. While the techn ology may be useful in trying to boost a person’s self-esteem it is only convenient as aiding device and not as a curative one. Children’s deafness persists on a bionic ear, while their hearing is still impaired. This defeats the relevance of the hearing aid. To assert further on needlessness of the bionic ear, cochlear implants cannot aid in improving a person’s cognitive or their language skills. Users of cochlear implants will, therefore, be still dependent on other persons who do not have hearing impairment issues in their day to day lives. The deaf persons will require translation and adaptive learning process in order to fit in the social structure of the hearing population. Deaf persons and other individuals with hearing ‘problems’ go-ahead to form their own structures of social interaction that enhances their own method of communication. Such groups may include those of persons with cochlear implants.

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble Term Paper

Technology Sector Privite Equity and a New Speculative Bubble - Term Paper Example Goldman intends to resell many of the shares to high net-worth individuals through its wealth management division. This â€Å"special investment vehicle† will exploit a loophole in securities law regarding private company ownership. According to US securities law, a private company is not permitted to have more than 500 individual investors without making its financial information public. Being a private company, Facebook is not required by the SEC to share financial information with investors at this time. Due to these above mentioned conditions surrounding these companies, speculation continues to be a driving force surrounding these investments. In this paper, we will take a look at the history and features of speculative bubbles including the technology bubble of the late nineties (dot com bust) in an attempt to use economic data to analyze today’s environment to detect the presence of a bubble and its potential impacts. The Origins of Speculative Bubbles Speculativ e bubbles have long fascinated and puzzled economists across many time periods. From the original Tulip Mania of the 1630’s to the Dot- Com bubble of the late nineties, these phenomena have kept economists on their toes for centuries, in trying to pin down substantive causative agents that are responsible for the swift increase in the market values of particular assets. Till today, experts have been unable to chalk down exact reasons for the emergence of such bubbles as they can rise up even in the most predictable markets; where the market participants can very accurately calculate the intrinsic value of the assets and where speculation plays no part in the actual valuation process. What is the origin of bubbles? Simply put, speculative bubbles are caused by â€Å"precipitating factors† that have the ability to bring about a change in the public’s perception about the value of an asset and about the future prospects of that asset, which can have an immediate im pact on demand (Shiller , 2000) One of the most famous economists of all time, John Maynard Keynes pointed out in his book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, that abrupt and immediate stock price changes have their roots in the â€Å"collective crowd behavior† of the various market agents more than anything else and that in almost all such scenarios, these rises in prices have little to do with the values that can be derived from â€Å"careful analysis of present conditions and future prospects of firms†. This seems to be a certainly accurate description of the conditions which surround the emergence and bursting of the speculative bubbles as seen in the past. Kindleberger in his book â€Å"Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises† (1978), presents a summary of his observations regarding the historical pattern that these bubbles usually follow. He states that the increase in prices typically starts with the emerg ence or birth of opportunity, usually in the shape of new markets or cutting edge technology or some major change in the political landscape of a particular region which can pull in investors looking for excellent returns on their investments. This is followed by rising prices of the particular asset. In this phase, more and more people rush after the overpriced commodity, feeding fuel to the bubble, increasing prices further and feeding the mania, and at the same time causing credit

Information Flow in an Organization Essay Example for Free

Information Flow in an Organization Essay Depending upon the organization information is used and disseminated accordingly. Information flow plays a very important role, and is a critical component among businesses who seek to be more successful than their competition. Companies cannot operate without a proper and concise information flow which is accessible through the company’s different departments. The IT department and information systems are mainly responsible for providing ways for the various departments within the company to have access to applications and systems that assist employees in accomplishing their jobs with more ease. Businesses today rely heavily on information technology, and software applications to assist the different departments through helping them complete their daily tasks and functions in a faster and better manner. Software applications help the information systems run in a way that allow employees to perform more tasks in less time and help everything run smoothly together similar. As I examine my current employer I can see how important information flow is to the success of our company. Information is used to work together with every department; however it is easy to point out how it flows by examining each department such as Sales, Engineering, Programming and Production. As orders are placed, our sales department is the first step in information flow in my organization. Customers have specific requirements for each machine they purchase which generally always differ from previous versions we have made. Once the sales orders and specifications are in order they are sent from the sales department to our Engineering department to be designed. There are several different draftsmen and each has their own area of expertise. The Production Manager assigns the frames and machines to be designed to the draftsmen based on the specifications given by the customer. Also, while in Engineering, the machines are given job numbers that will follow them throughout the shop so that it may be tracked as well as allow employees to clock into the proper job. Having a specific job number tied to a specific machine also allows management to review every individual that has worked on these machines at any time. After the machines have designed and approved they are then sent to the programming department. The programming department is responsible for tearing the machines apart in a CAD system known as SolidWorks and separating the frame from the sheet metal. After this has been completed the next step is to individually program each piece of tubing in the frame and apply the proper programming required for optimum cutting time on the laser. The next thing that is programmed is all the sheet metal parts. In order to program sheet metal, the part which is drawn in solidworks, must be saved and transformed into a DXF file. These files are put into a software called SigmaNest and programmed fairly easy. Once all elements of the machine has been programmed, the programming department takes the programs, the job related to the machine, the machine drawings and specifications, and the sales order and hands it off to the Floor Manager for Production. After the Floor manager has all this information, he decides which machines to cut and in what order to cut them in based on shipping dates. He then takes the machine programs, jobs, and drawing and pass them out to the proper departments which will work on cutting, assembling, painting, and testing each one of our machines before they are sealed and shipped off to any of our customers throughout the world. Information flow is essential in any business in maintain functionality as well as productivity. Without some sort of order, without some sort of standard operating procedures our company could not be one of the leading manufacturer of agricultural machinery in the world.

Analysis of the halal industry

Analysis of the halal industry The world Muslim population is growing to a total of 1.6 billion people. By 2025, Muslims are expected to account for 30% of the worlds population. As for halal products, there are about 1.5 billion consumers, This means that one out of every four human beings consumes halal products. At present, Southeast Asia and the Middle East are the two strong markets for halal products (Riaz, 1998). As at 2008, the Halal Industry has amounted to USD2.1 trillion. This is certainly an important market to tap into. The Halal industry which also includes Islamic finance is estimated to be worth between USD200 billion to USD500 billion annually, with an annual growth rate forecast of 12% to 15% for the next 10 years. Marketing efforts to supply certified halal products throughout the world are gaining momentum. Demands for Halal-certified products have increased exponentially not only because the Muslim consumer base is growing but also due to the fact that Halal products now appeal to a broader spectrum. Halal has become the new benchmark for safety and quality assurance. The growing appeal and benefits of this niche market is significant. Major non-Muslim countries like Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the U.S. have already established their local production for the Halal market. The key driving factors for the projected growth of the Halal market are as follow: Growth in the Muslim population, the primary market for Halal food Rising incomes in primary markets for Halal food Increasing demand for safe, high quality food in primary markets Increasing demand for greater variety in primary markets Incidents of food marketed as Halal but failing to meet Halal requirements Development of the Asian Halal Market Asia has the largest Muslim population of any given region, but the population has modest per capita incomes, and hence lower total food consumption than other areas. For example, high population countries like India and Pakistan have relatively low consumer incomes and consequently exhibit lower per capita protein consumption. Despite lower income levels, this region has been at the forefront of capitalizing on the growing Halal market. Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, China and India have all taken steps to tap into the global Halal market. For instance, the Singapore food industry has also taken a number of steps towards becoming a Halal hub, including an advertising campaign in the Middle East. Malaysia has also designs on becoming an international Halal hub and its government has taken a number of measures to support that objective including the establishment of the Halal Development Corporation. Thailand has moved to become a recognized Halal centre of excellence in science and testing. Brunei is currently co-operating with Australian companies in order to combine its role in the Muslim world with Australias track record in safe, high quality food production. The Chinese Halal industry is growing and is expected to expand its role in the global market. At the moment, the key advantage of the Chinese Halal industry is access to cheap labor. China recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the European Commission (EC) and already has several EC-approved companies ready to export Halal products to European markets. Indian exporters are attempting to gain recognition through the achievement of HACCP, ISO and Halal certification. Halal Market in Singapore and the internationalization of Singapores Halal Services Majils Ugama Islam Singapura (Muis), which is also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, is the Islamic authority in-charge of Muslim affairs in Singapore. Muis was established as a statutory board in 1968, when the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) came into effect. Muis is to advise the President of Singapore on all matters relating to Islam in Singapore. Among other things, Muis provides Halal Certification services. Muis is vested with the powers to act as the sole authority to administer and regulate Halal certification in Singapore. This is clearly stipulated in AMLA. By 2009, Muis certified more than 2,600 premises and has played an important role as the custodian of Halal food assurance for Singapores 15% Muslim population. Furthermore, the promising Halal food industry with the availability of many Halal-certified eating establishments has helped to foster social interaction between individuals from diverse racial, cultural and religious backgrounds. Halal Certification provides assurance to all Muslim consumers because it fulfills the Syariah law, which is a must for Muslims. To the non-Muslims, Halal products are quality products, simply due to the concept of halalan thoyyiban (Halal and wholesome) Introduction of Warees Halal As the Singapore Halal certification is well regarded and globally recognised, it has generated strong interests from companies, both in Singapore and beyond, planning to embark on the MUIS Halal Certification scheme and adopt the Singapore MUIS Halal Quality Management (HalMQ) system. Warees Halal, a division of MUIS subsidiary Warees Investments Pte Ltd, has been given the task of helping companies to attain certification. At the present moment, being the subsidiary of Muis, Warees Halal leverages on the existing Muis eHalal System to manage all aspects of the Halal Certification Process . Apart from this system Muis has engaged a third-party vendor Marshall Cavendish Business Information Pte Ltd, to manage its directory portal http:www.singaporehalaldirectory.com. Warees Halal is currently exploring new ways to improve and streamline their work processes and expand their reach to the global halal market. And one of initiatives is Current Business Model for Halal Global Market Currently, the major marketing channel for the Halal commodity suppliers and retailers is the commodity wholesale market. However, when the retailers make purchases in the wholesale market, the dominant suppliers may offer products that are not Halal certified. Besides, the retailers may be inconvenient to collect information on the price and other details of the Halal products. The current business model is the directory and business portal. The average online halal directory and business portal like the Singapore Halal Directory acts as a mere introductory service. Once the Buyers have identified products and suppliers of interest, both parties will have to move offline and continue using emails, faxes and myriads of spreadsheets that result in complexities, errors and added costs. According to the World Trade Organization the average international trade transaction involves: 20-30 different parties, 40 documents, 200 data elements (30 of which are repeated at least 30 times). The complexities of import-export add as much 15% administrative overhead to the actual cost of goods. In todays highly competitive global markets, Suppliers and their clients need to reduce and even eliminate inefficiencies that result in higher costs and possible loss of market share. Technological Challenges faced in this current model Standardisation and communication management between Warees Halal Staff and their clients Another challenge is the global outreach restriction due to geographical factors and limitation due to the current information technology infrastructure Emerging Business Models Economists said that the growth of Global Halal market is definitely depending on the participation of E-commerce and Halal E-marketplace. In fact, the regional Muslim countries like Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore are currently speeding up the promotion of Halal concept, which aims to integrate the Halal producers and marketers. Thus, the development of Halal E-marketplace is facing huge challenge, in the perspective of having qualified Halal certified food producers to join in the Halal E-marketplace as to ensure the safety, hygiene and fairness of the commodity trading. Some of the Halal E-marketplaces includes the daganghalal site from Malaysia, zabihah.com a site with an directory which is a Halal business yellow pages in UK. Besides these sites, some of the Government Halal E-marketplace which are only include the Australian Halal Food Directory and Singapore Halal Directory. Halal E-Commerce Leaders in the industry Zabihah.com (http://www.zabihah.com) Zabihah.com is the largest database of Halal restaurants and markets.Based in the USA, it was created in July of 1999. And till to this date, zabihah.com has become an indispensable resource for Muslim communities worldwide. DagangHalal.com (http://www.DagangHalal.com) DagangHalal.com, based in Malaysia is one of the B2B e-marketplaces featuring Halal products and services. It provides an online platform as well as other business sourcing channels for our merchants to reach out to a potential worldwide Muslim market of 1.8 billion consumers (estimated worth US$500bil to US$2 trillion global Halal trade value). HalalBusinessDirectory.com (http://HalalBusinessDirectory.com) The Halal Business Directory, a UK Based Website provides a free service to Halal Businesses enabling them to publicise their online presence, and a free service to the public to help locate local businesses. Both user friendly and search engine friendly, the Halal Business Directory also provides a business listing with contact details, products and services, and a link to selected businesses websites. Halalexchange (http://www.halalexchange.com) Halal Exchangeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ is a joint venture project in UAE between Halal Exchange Inc. and RAK Investment Authority under the patronage of His Highness Prince Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah. Halal Exchange is a web-based enterprise solution for the challenges of Global Sourcing. Founded in January 2002, the mission focused exclusively on developing the standard template for the complex, costly and convoluted import export process. The proprietary eCatalogue-Transaction Engineà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ delivers immediate results in increase of business volume and higher profit margins. Halal Exchange is headquartered in Vancouver with offices in Kuala Lumpur, Shanghai, Dubai and San Francisco. Australian Halal Food Directory (http://www.halal.com.au/) Halal.com.au is Australias first comprehensive Halal dining guide. Our aim in launching this site is to give Muslim people around Australia a handy resource to find Halal restaurants, cafes and other eateries. Of course, we hope that this site can be of use to non-Muslims as well! Singapore Halal Directory (http://www.singaporehalaldirectory.com) (Waiting for info from Razali) Present Information Technology Infrastructure Future or Proposed Information Technology Infrastructure E-commerce and online business portal had been proved to be one of the best e-business solutions to penetrate the emerging market. However, not much e-commerce portal either by government or private sector that focuses on the Halal market has being seen in the Halal trade market. B2B Model, B2C Model E-marketplace is an electronic exchange marketplace where companies register as sellers or buyers to communicate and conduct business over the Internet. The E-marketplace has become an important electronic shopping environment that may evolve into a dominant force in Internet marketing. Most of the E-marketplaces with online stores are offering competing products. Featuring is associated with a price premium and it serves as a mechanism to mitigate competition among online stores. In essence, featuring facilitates a convenience-price trade-off. Those consumers who find that the cost of searching outweighs the benefit of a lower expected price shop at the featured store where the price is higher on average. The E-Commerce mechanism of the Halal E-marketplace can improve trading efficiency and lower the cost of collecting information as well as the purchase price. The E-marketplace can use a combination of pictures, literal description, and regulated classification to introduce the quality and details of the traded commodities. Hence, Halal E-marketplace is found to be an emerging e-marketplace for the global Halal industries since the early years. Contradicted to the conventional E-marketplace, one of the unique features of Halal E-Marketplace is that it requires all the Halal businesses and services to be provided and transacted online according to the Halal principles and Muslim values. This is to ensure the benefits of the Halal consumers from around the world. The unique features of the Halal E-Marketplace include: Only the Halal certified products and services can be exhibited and traded online Operated according to the Halal principles and Muslim values Cultivate the Islamic values of Hygiene, Sincerity, Fairness and Trustworthiness Promotes the right way of doing trading activities Economic Benefits of the Halal E-marketplace Halal industry businesses and services providers can be benefit from the Halal E-Marketplace. For example, Halal food producers representing each section in a supply-chain could join Halal e-marketplace to transfer information and purchase products. They may operate on a cost-recovery basis by an independent third party (such as an industry association) or be set up as a business offering, with a middle-person providing a value-added function such as transaction services. Services offered by Halal E-marketplaces include the business directory listings, electronic catalogues for online purchasing of goods and services and trading or transaction services. Halal E-marketplaces that are worth considering are those that interconnect with other marketplaces and allow low-cost connection to a firms financial accounting systems. The economic benefits of the Halal E-marketplace may include: Greater opportunities for the Halal suppliers and buyers to make new trading partnerships, either within their supply-chain or across supply-chains The potential to lower the costs of negotiating and making transactions with automation of standard business procedures The potential for more transparent pricing as Halal buyers and sellers take the opportunity to trade in a more open environment The opportunity to access value-added services such as inventory control and management of dispatch and distribution processes using electronic systems Product or Service Customer Analysis What are you selling? Whom are you selling it to? How do the products differ among competitors in the same business? Who are your primary customers? What do your customers think about your business strengths and weaknesses?

Lalbagh Fort Tourism

Lalbagh Fort Tourism Lalbagh Fort No trip to Dhaka city is fulfilled without a trip to the Lalbagh Fort or also known as the fort of Auranagabad which was built in 1678 AD by Prince Mohammad Azam who was the Viceroy back then. The fort represents the dream of the Mughal Prince which stayed unfinished. So the whole fort has a sense of history and mystery entwined in the very bricks of the foundation. The Lalbagh fort falls under the Dhaka Division/subdivison and Lalbagh thana. What to see there: The fort is structured in three levels with towers donning the south gate. The fort is filled with hidden passages and a massive mosque. It also has a fortified perimeter with a number of magnificent monuments. Among the notable monuments in the fort are the tomb of Pari Bibi and the audience room and bathing room of Nawab Shaista khan which is now being used as a museam. When can you visit the fort: Close Days: Sunday and all other listed government holidays. Visiting Hours: Monday from 1.30pm-5pm; Tuesday-Saturday, 9am-5pm during October-March; 10am-6pm during April-September; During Friday the place remain closed from 12.30pm-2.00pm due to prayer. Entry Fee: tk.10/ Bangladeshi Entrants and tk.50/ Foreign Entrants. Tel: 9673018 Video link of things you can see there: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXkMZuKoS0s How to go there: Any rickshaw puller in Dhaka city will take you to the destination if you mention you want to go to Lalbagh fort or bus can be taken from local bus stands that will drop you off in either Shahbagh or Nilkhet and from there a rickshaw have to be taken to go to Lalbagh fort (30-40 taka fare from there by rickshaw) Google map link: https://maps.google.com/maps?t=mll=37.0625,-95.677068z=4output=classicdg=opt Tips: It is better to go there early in the morning as the light provides better viewing and a more pleasant experience due to bad lighting later in the day. Where to stay: Any of the following hotels should provide safe and tranquil environment with efficient service to match the needs of any tourists. They also provide car/taxi service and can guide the tourists to their destination. They also have an outstanding culinary service that should aim to please the stomach of any avid foodie. HOTEL PACIFIC 120/B, MOTIJHEEL COMMERCIAL AREA DHAKA 1000, BANGLADESH Telehone : 9587671 to 9587680 (10 lines) Fax : 9565162 Email : [emailprotected] website : www.hotelpacificdhaka.net WASHINGTON HOTEL 56 Gulshan Avenue, Road# 132 Gulshan -1, Dhaka -1212, Bangladesh Tel: 00 88 02 8851 467 72, 8850 091 94 Fax: 00 88 02 9894 915 Email: [emailprotected], [emailprotected] Web site: www.washingtonbd.com PAN PACIFIC SONARGAON 107 , Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue Dhaka, Bangladesh Tel: +880 2 811 1005 Fax: +880 2 811 3324 Web: http://www.panpacific.com/Dhaka/Overview.html RADISSON WATER GARDEN HOTEL DHAKA Airport Road, Dhaka Cantonment , Dhaka 1206 , Bangladesh Reservations: (800) 333-3333 (800) 616-1283 Telephone: 880 2 875 4555 Fax: 880 2 875 4504 / 875 4554 Email: [emailprotected] , [emailprotected] Web: http://www.radisson.com/dhakabn Lake Shore Hotel And Apartments Road No. 41, House No. 46 Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh Telephone No. : +880-2-8861787-92, +88-02-8859991, +88-02-8861783-86, +88-02-8852939 Fax No. : +880-2- 8860534, +88-02-8860519 Email Address: [emailprotected] Web Address: www.lakeshorehotel.com.bd Curzon Hall: Situated in Dhaka city of Dhaka Division/subdivision the hall is part of the school of science of Dhaka University. The hall has been named after Lord Curzon who was the Viceroy of India. The hall was built in 1904. After Bengal was partitioned and Dhaka became the new capital of East Bengal and Assam it was used as the premise of Dhaka college but later after the establishment of University of Dhaka it became part of the Universitie’s science division. The place has significant historic value due to being the point of origin where the students of Dhaka University in 1948 first uttered their refusal to accept Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s declaration that Urdu alone would be the state language in the whole of Pakistan and sparked the Language Movement. What to see here: Curzon hall is one of the most intricately designed architecture structure of Dhaka combining a blend of European and Mughal style portraying a then popular design in the North which consisted of horse-shoe and cusped arches. This style also favored the Mughal’s as they were fond of arches and domes. The building is said to mimic that of the well known Diwan-i-khas in the palace fortress of Fatehpur Sikri, Emperor Akbar’s capital during 1570-1585. Built with red bricks, ornate brackets deep eaves and a domed terrace pavillion this place is a sight to behold and to seep in an aura of legend now only found in history books. How to go there: A rickshaw or cng can be taken from any of the hotels in Dhaka city by asking to go to Dhaka university campus, Curzon hall. Or a local bus can be taken which will drop you at shahbagh/nilkhet from where Curzon hall is a 25-30 taka rickshaw ride away. Google Map Link: https://maps.google.com/maps?t=mll=37.0625,-95.677068z=4output=classicdg=opt Tips: Since it’s the department of science its usually really crowded during 10 A.M. – 2 P.M. so if you want to avoid students rushing to and fro to classes going there is earlier or later in the day is advisable. Where to stay: Refer to Lalbagh section. Dhaka National Museum Location of the spot: Dhaka Division, Dhaka Metropolitan City. Brief/why should someone go there: The Museum established in 1913 is a four storied building with forty galleries under its 4 departments of natural history, History and Classical Art, Ethnography and decorative art and Contemporary art and World civilization. The museum has a vast and elaborate collection of old coins, books on art, ivory and silver filigree works, images made with metal, many textiles including the famed Muslin fabric and Nakshi Kantha, arms and ammunitions from the Mughal time, series of painting and sculptures dating back to the Buddhist and Muslim period, handicrafts and models of the village and city life and most importantly- priceless articles of the liberation war of Bangladesh which signifies the backbone of the history of Bangladesh can be found there. How to go get back/ mode of transportation: Bus can be taken from any of the Local bus stop directly to this spot in Shahbagh. The fare will be around 15-30 taka depending upon from where in Dhaka you are travelling from. CNG can also be easily taken and the fare should be 150-200 taka. Rickshaws can also be taken to Shahbagh and the average fare should be 50-70 taka. If you are travelling from Gulshan/banana area then CNG is advisable as rickshaws do not directly go there. Contact info: Phone : 88-02-8619396-9, 8619400 Fax : 88-02-8615585 E-mail: [emailprotected] [emailprotected] WEB: http://bangladeshmuseum.gov.bd Things to do: Taking Photographs is not allowed but you can take pictures from outside of the Museum. Going through 4 levels of the museum and all the artifacts of history it stores is quite a feat and should be more than enough to keep you busy for half a day. Where to stay: Refer to Lalbagh fort. Google Map: https://maps.google.com/maps?t=mll=37.0625,-95.677068z=4output=classicdg=opt. Video links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwAf4pph7DQ ATM Information: Dutch Bangla ATM booths can be found in Birdem, PG hospital or TSC all of which is 5 minutes distance from the Museum. Brac bank ATM can be found in Aziz Super market just opposite the Museum. Standard chartard ATM booths can be found Hotel Sheraton which is 15 minutes distance from the Museum. HSBC ATM booths can be found in Hotel Sonargaon. TIPS: The Museum is very extensive and it takes a lot of time to explore it completely so it’s advisable to go there after a good meal as food is not allowed inside the museum.

Service Before Self Essay -- essays research papers

English Composition/ Illustration Final Draft Service Before Self   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The day I finally signed up to join the military I knew I was taking a risk in my life. I believe it is important to take risks in life to move into bigger and better things. My first huge decision I made in my life was to join the United States Air Force. My uncle was the main person who put the idea in my head but my dad and my friends thought otherwise. My parents were divorced when I was young and I didn’t have the privilege like my friends to sit down and talk their decisions through with their parents. My father was excluded from the draft after he got in a car accident and I didn’t think he was very fond me joining the service. The main reason I chose to go into the military was make the decision to serve the country. The major decision in my opinion to join the military is to have the privilege to serve your own country. I think it is great for young men and woman to have ambition to serve and it can change a person into very motivated individual. My uncle and m y mother were both very supportive and thought that it would be a great decision in my life. My mother knew it would be hard to see me go but was excited of the idea of coming to visit me in Texas. I knew it was taking a big risk being on my own but I was ready for a change in my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all the excitement of joining the military everything was moving very fast and it was already S...

the history of the internet :: essays research papers

Where would we find ourselves without the Web today? It provides us with a vast amount of information and communication. The world is accessible to us with a click of a button. Maps, stocks, chat and news can all be found in a matter of seconds. Things have greatly evolved from the home PC of the 1980’s - Commodore 64’s and IBM 8088’s, and a life of direct dialing into BBSs at all hours of the night. Every small town of the USA has Internet access; the world is interconnected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon dialing into your Internet service and launching your browser, you open up a gateway to a variety of information resources. One resource available to you is the portal, Yahoo!. Found at http://www.yahoo.com, this web site includes a plethora of selections, including chat. There are different ways of communicating with this feature. You may download Yahoo! Messenger, an application that works in conjunction with Yahoo! Chat web page. In chat, you can enter rooms of topics of your interest, such as sports, music, or business and speak with people all over the world. You don’t need to download any web browser plug-ins to access chat. You may still converse with people using the Yahoo! Messenger program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yahoo! Messenger is one of many different instant-messaging programs out there. Similar applications such as ICQ or EGN can be used, but they are independent of any web portal, like Yahoo!. There are advantages and disadvantages to each program. No instant messaging service can communicate with any other. You have to have an account with the same service, as who you want to speak with. But incase you don’t know someone on the service, you can make friends by meeting people in chat rooms or random chat, set up by that particular service. Random chat gives you the ability to meet people, by random, based on what their interests are. Once you have acquired people on your contacts/friends lists, with multiple services (i.e.: friends on AOL/IM and friends on ICQ), you may want to look into downloading Universal Messenger. This program combines your lists of people, from the most popular programs you may have. These include ICQ, AOL/IM, Yahoo!, PowWow, and MSN Me ssenger. This saves on memory (RAM), so you don’t have to run each individual program on your home computer. You must know your logins and passwords for each service, when you first set up Universal Messenger.

Computer Fraud – an Analysis on Oracle Corp vs. Sap Ag

Information system has been playing a grave essential role in daily business activities. Over the past decade, the detection rate of computer crimes concerning information system attacks has risen sharply. According to Kunz and Wilson (2004), reported computer crimes have been septupled from 2000 to 2003 and leads to inestimable economic loss. Therefore, themes on information security, especially the prevention of computer fraud, have attracted increasingly attentions (Romney and Steinbart, 2009). However, it seems that perpetrators can always find new techniques to theft invaluable business secrets stored, processed or protected by those information systems. Moreover, some abuse techniques have been used in economic espionage, which causes a yearly loss of $250 billion (ibid). Oracle Corp vs. SAP AG could be one of the relating cases occurred in the recent 2007 and is not yet closed till present. This essay will firstly introduce the Case. Then by using Fraud Triangle, analyze the reason of SAP’s commitment of computer fraud and data theft. Finally, suggestions on how to improve the security of company’s information system will be addressed with some reflections of the Case. It has been reported that the world’s software giant SAP AG was sued by its largest competitor, Oracle Corporation, for computer fraud and data theft in March 2007 (Anon, 2010). In the Complaint, Oracle Corporation (2007) stated that in November 2006, unusual heavy download activities were spotted on Customer Connection, a website Oracle used to serve its customers. The uncovered access originated from an IP address in one of SAP’s braches with log-in IDs of PeopleSoft and J. D. Edwards customers. It is discovered later that TomorrowNow and SAP TN, two SAP subsidiaries, committed a series of unauthorized access to Oracle’s customer service system and more than 10,000 illegal download activities. Mass of important materials, including copyrighted software codes and confidential documents was theft. In this way, SAP was capable of establishing a service library for PeopleSoft and J. D. Edwards products, and launched a marketing campaign to snatch Oracle’s customers. The fraud resulted in Oracle’s 120 copyrights infringed and posed the threats of losing 358 customers (Kawamoto, 2007). On 24 November 2010, the U. S. Federal District Court for Northern California announced that Oracle won the Case with SAP liable for $1. 3 billion compensation. As Slappendel (2010) points out, this is the largest amount ever awarded in copyright infringement cases. The core reason may lies that the verdict is based upon the fair market value of the licenses for utilizing those resources instead of Oracle’s profit loss. After the verdict, SAP’s stock price has been falling significantly and TomorrowNow had to be shut down (Anon, 2011; Team, 2010). Although SAP accepted the liability and apologized for its inappropriate behavior, the company has been arguing that the penalty was contrary to the reality of the damage caused by the fraud (Margan, 2011). It is also reported that SAP has filed motions to the Court and therefore SAP’s computer fraud case does not seem to end at present. The action of data theft has brought unnecessary troubles to both SAP and Oracle. In order to prevent computer fraud effectively, it is essential to fully examine the reason of SAP’s behavior. Fraud Triangle will be used as an analysis tool. It is estimated by Romney and Steinbart (2009) that Fraud Triangle consists of the three normal conditions for fraud to occur: pressures, opportunities and rationalizations. Figure 1 shown below is a brief summary of Fraud Triangle in the Case. 5. Homely meals in software industry FIGURE 1 FRAUD TRIANGLE OF SAP Pressure Opportunity Rationalization 2. Oracle’s insufficient security management 4. Theft by other companies (i. e. Siebel Systems) before 1. Financial – fierce competition in the market 3. Few evidence – may not be spotted Firstly, SAP is probably under the severe pressure of maintaining the top one throne in the software market. During the last decade, competition between Oracle and SAP has greatly increased and the rivalry has developed into a feud. Particularly in 2004, Oracle began a series of acquisitions, aiming at increasing the share of enterprise applications market, where SAP owned the leadership (PeopleSoft, 2011). After realizing the seriousness, SAP fighted back by offering special discounts to woo customers, and thus a cruel price battle initiated. However, the strategy did not seem to rescue much, SAP’s market share remains downward sloping (Team, 2010). Currently, Oracle and SAP are vying for the third-party enterprise software support and maintenance market. The enormous pressure of winning may contribute to the commitment of computer fraud, especially for spying the business secrets of the largest competitor. The following two external conditions may possibly be linked to SAP’s unwise actions: Oracle’s insufficient security management and an opportunity to conceal the fraud. Oracle has provided the Customer Connection as a supplementary of its service to the customers. However, the semi-open system, which stores countless precious information, does not appear to be equipped with superior security management techniques. A huge defect exists that allows easy access to resources supposed to be protected from outsiders. In terms of the flaw, Oracle may be partially liable of its loss. Even though Oracle’s detection of abnormal access is relatively sensitive, it could not take a step ahead of the crime. Besides, Oracle’s dependence on service website offers the probability to conceal fraud, since comparably less evidence would be left for detection. With technology improvement, computer fraud may become far more difficult to spot in the future (The National Fraud Center, Inc. , 2000). Moreover, the experience of being a casualty of computer crimes might have lifted SAP’s rationalization of being a perpetrator. It is recorded that in 1999, SAP filed a lawsuit against Siebel Systems and claimed of being a victim of the so-called White Collar Crime (Kawamoto, 2007). Additionally, it may be reasonable to recognize the fact that most people in software industries regard the occurrence of computer fraud as homely meals, because almost all businesses in this market have grabbed some most advanced computer techniques, together with some abuse techniques obviously. As a result, SAP’s fraud behavior may not be that severe in the eyes of the decision makers. Hence, accelerate the germination of computer crimes. After fully assessment of why SAP may err, suggestions on how to improve the security of enterprise’s information system will be addressed with reflections of the Case. In the perspective of prevention, several control methods could be considered to raise the security capability of the enterprise’s information systems. First of all, persuade or enforce all employees, even the customers, to use strong password to access to company’s database or service websites (Standler, 2007). Requirement of password changes at regular time intervals would be necessary to prevent some former employees of customers’ company from entering the system, which may exactly Oracle needs. Secondly, restrict physical and remote access to system resources unless the both the log-in ID and IP address are authorized (Backhouse and Dhillon, 1995). Thirdly, safeguard and double encrypt all data and programs. For example, materials on the Customer Connection could be double encrypted so that without further encoding, the downloaded materials would remain useless for non-employees or non-customers. Besides, techniques such as anti-virus software and firewall could to some extent protect the system from worms and viruses attack. Although using the above prevention method could avoid some dispensable loss, perpetrators penetrate everywhere (Romney and Steinbart, 2009). Therefore, an efficient detection system should be ready for any possible incidences. The establishment of a fraud hotline is recommended, which contains the employment of computer security officers, consultants and forensic specialists. The control system will be engaged in monitoring all malicious actions and reporting back as soon as possible. In the Case, Oracle took advantage of its superior detection system and made SAP’s fraud evidence traceable and suppressible (Oracle Corporation, 2007). Despite prevention and detection, there are other preparations could be made ahead of the arrival of any disasters with the intention of reducing the loss caused by computer fraud (Kunz and Wilson, 2004). These routines mainly concern insurance application, recovery plans constitution, material back-up within the whole information system. Furthermore, timely crime reporting to the government crime center and effectively legislative tool using might be helpful for retrieving fairly compensations from perpetrators, as it has been done by Oracle Corporation in the Case. Some ERP market analysts even suspect that the Lawsuit could be a sort of Oracle’s strategy to decrease the competition in the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. Whatever the original purpose is, Oracle has achieved benefit from winning the Lawsuit for the current period. To conclude, SAP’s situation has satisfied all of the three conditions presented in Fraud Triangle, some of which heavily depend on industrial environment as well as the design of Oracle’s information system. Thus, objectively, SAP may not liable for all the censure, though it really has been occupied in illicit competition using computer fraud. Oracle could be considered partially responsible for its loss and the sentenced $1. 3 billion seems somewhat too cruel for SAP to bear. Although some experts may argue that the breach of intellectual property is unforgivable culpable negligence, it looks possible for the Court to adjust the amount of penalty towards a more realistic number. Since the next round hearings will not start until July 2011, all the outcomes remain unpredictable (Margan, 2011). It is undeniable that, however, computer fraud could bring about huge losses for the entire society, especially when it is used in economic espionage. In the speeding advancing information century, nearly all of the impossible could be made possible. Consequently, it seems that only the creation of a healthy competition environment, emphasis on business ethics and proper education may aid in bringing down the upward climbing computer crime rate. REFERENCE Anon. (2007) SAP-We Will Aggressively Defend Against Oracle‘s Claims [online]. Ziff Davis Media, United Press International. Available at: [30 April 2011] Anon. (2010) Oracle Awarded $1. 3bn In SAP Data Theft Case [online] 24 November. BBC News. Available at: [28 April 2011] Anon. (2011) SAP Posts Sharp Profit Drop Due To Oracle Lawsuit [online] 26 January. Available at: [29 April 2011] Backhouse,J. and Dhillon,G. (1995) Managing Computer Crime – A Research Outlook [online]. Computer and Security: 14(1995) 645-651. A vailable at: [29 April 2011] Granick,J. S. (n. d. ) Faking It: Calculating Loss In Computer Crime Sentencing [online]. Available at: [1 May 2011] Kawamoto,D. (2007) Oracle Sues SAP On Spying Charges [online] 22 March. CNET News. Available at: [28 April 2011] Kunz,M and Wilson,P. (2004) Computer Crime And Computer Fraud [online]. Available at: [1 May 2011] Margan,T. P. (2011) Oracle, SAP Still Going At It Over TomorrowNow [online] 28 February. Available at: [29 April 2011] Niccolai,J. (2010) SAP: Court Lops $500M Off Oracle’s Potential Damages [online] November. IDG News. Available at: [1 May 2011] Oracle Corporation (2007) Oracle Vs. SAP Lawsuit Complaint [online]. Available at: [28 April 2011] Panorama Consulting Group. (2010) Clash Of The Titans: An Independent Comparison Of SAP Vs. Oracle [online]. Available at: [10 April 2011] PeopleSoft (2011) Oracle vs. SAP [online] 1 May. Available at: [1 May 2011] Romney,M. B. and Steinbart,P. J. 2009) Accounting Information Systems, 11th Ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Shaw,E. et al. (n. d. ) The Insider Threat To Information Systems: The Psychology Of The Dangerous Insider [online]. Security Awareness Bulletin: No. 2-98. Available at: [29 April 2011] Slappendel,S. (2010) Oracle v. SAP: Highest Damages Awarded For A Copyright Infringement Lawsuit [online]. Available at: [28 April 2011] Standler,R. B. (2007) Tips For Avoiding Computer Crime [online] 25 November. Available at: [29 April 2011] Team,T. (2010) SAP-Oracle Lawsuit Could Weigh On SAP Market Share, Stock Price [online] 14 December. Available at: [29 April 2011] The National Fraud Center, Inc. (2000) The Growing Global Threat Of Economic And Cyber Crime [online] December. Available at: [1 May 2011] APPENDIX: A COPY OF THE NEWS REPORT Oracle awarded $1. 3bn in SAP data theft case 24 November 2010 Last updated at 07:32 GMT Oracle chief executive Larry Ellison testified during the case European software giant SAP has been ordered by a Californian court to pay US rival Oracle $1. 3bn (? 820m) after losing a data theft case. The case revolved around customer-support documents and software stolen by SAP's subsidiary TomorrowNow. Oracle alleged that the German company intended to use the data to poach the 358 customers involved, and demanded $1. 65bn compensation. SAP had claimed it owed only $40m, but the jury decided in Oracle's favour. SAP said it was disappointed with the jury's decision and would look to challenge the verdict. [We will] pursue all available options, including post-trial motions and appeal if necessary,† it said in a statement. It did, however, reiterate that it had made a mistake: â€Å"We regret the actions of TomorrowNow, we have accepted liability, and have been willing to fairly compensate Oracle†. ‘Big dreams' Oracle co-president Safra Catz expressed her satisfa ction with the verdict: â€Å"For more than three years, SAP stole thousands of copies of Oracle software and then resold that software and related services to Oracle's own customers. â€Å"The trial made it clear that SAP's most senior executives

Dilemma of Asian Bags Essay

Asia report dishful has since 1990 ope stationd as a manufacturer of plastic crew cut bags supplying them on a contract-manufacturing base of operations to well-known supermarket chains, fast-food outlets, pharmacies and department stores. Lately, Asia makeup pop exports customized plastic political machinerier bags to Marks n Spencer and Boots Pharmacy in the United Kingdom.During the Asian pecuniary crisis, Asia Paper Bag had difficulties in meeting its bound add repayment, and had to reconstitute the term loan last year. The term loan was restructured by way of a debt moratorium of 24 months on the principal and an character reference of the maturity period from five age to eight years.Currently, Asia Paper Bags turn over is about Rs 3million per month with an average net profit margin of 7%. Lately, with the increase in institution cover prices, crude(a) materials for plastic bag merchandise have increase by over 5% to USD1,200 per ton. Asia Paper Bags capacity ut ilization is still busted at unless 40%, later it expanded rapidly pre-crisis. Asia Paper Bag Sdn Bhd s resultion capacity increased from 200,000tonnes per annum to 350,000tonnes per annum during the pre-crisis period. This was when the company borrowed a term loan of Rs. 10 million to finance the machinery. The raw materials, PE resins, are purchased mainly from Singapore and Thailand, whilst only 15% is sourced domestically.Q.1 List the qualitative risks of Asia Paper Bag relation to bank lending .Q.2 List and explain the appropriate financial ratios to analyze the financial performance (profitability) of Asia Paper Bag Sdn Bhd (Malay equivalent of incorporated).Q.3 State the motives for employ ratio abridgment as a credit evaluation tool.EQUITY inquiryMr. Prashant Gupta is interested in investing in equity shares of Infosys and Hamdard. Infosys Technologies Ltd. (NASDAQ INFY) which was started in 1981 by septette people with US$ 250. Today, it is a globular leader in th e next generation of IT and consulting with revenues of over US$ 4 billion. It offers cover argument and technology consulting, application services, systems integration, product engineering, custom software development, maintenance, re-engineering, independent examen and validation services, IT infrastructure services and business process outsourcing. Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories, India is a notable pharmaceutical company in India known for its Unani and Ayurvedic products.It is the worlds largest manufacturer of Unani medicinesSome of its more famous products include Safi, Sharbat Rooh Afza, Cinkara, Roghan Badam Shirin and Pachnol. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, India. Being conservative in nature, he wants to determine the risk associated with investments. In specific terms, he wants to seek entropy related to both levered and unlevered beta of these companies. He approaches Nitin Shah, a financial consultant to do the needful. Nitin has collected the relevant in formation tiny below Number(i) Monthly returns on equity shares of Infosys and Hamdard for a period of 2 years (w.e.f. October 2006 to September 2008) along with portfolio of S&P CNX NIFTY. (ii) Return on 364-days treasury bills issued by Government of India for the period 2007-08 is 5.15 per penny per annum and 0.419 per month. This rate is to be used as a proxy for risk-free rate of return. (iii) Debt-equity ratio (based on the average of 2004 to 2008) is 1.6 per cent for Wipro and 31.4 per cent for Dabur. (iv) Corporate tax is 35 per cent.Q. 1 Compute the Beta and read it for Prashant. Examine different circumstances with analysis of data. __________________________________________________________________SUBJECT RISK UNDERWRITING AND CLAIMS(A) Mr. Wilson has a car which is 12 years old. The Market nourish of which is Rs. 1.00 Lacs. However, Mr. Wilson wishes to insure this car for Rs. 5 lacs due(p) to his sentiments attached to it.(B) Mr. Mathew purchased a Money stand Po licy from M/s. Supreme brio amends for a amount apprised of Rs. 2.00 Lacs for 15 years. The survivalBenefit later 5 years accrues 25% of Sum Insured. A bonus was accumulated to the maturity.Q.1 discuss as a Motor Insurance Underwriter, how you would react to this? Q.2 Calculate the sum collectable at the maturity of the Policy.

Organizational Planning Verizon Wireless Essay

organizational Planning beat Analysis for Verizon piano tuner Before think spate begin, a framework should be built to escape the decision making process by identifying what the overall goal is to be. At Verizon piano tuner, the bearing statement, or creed, is broken into 5 sections that atomic number 18 the pathway for leadership within the connection, as well as for interior stakeholders, to crack the success of the company. Verizon radio set identifies strengths as creation a luxuriously quality supplier of communications services, existence committed to customers done teamwork, and acknowledging that just being the biggest is not the homogeneous as being the best. By identifying weaknesses such as being reactive to contention offerings, determine structure of programs, and the perceived insufficiency of a global presence, reviewing the credo spate initiate change to address these weaknesses and lay down opportunities from them. Identifying the opportuni ties of profitwork infrastructure growth, simplification of pricing plans for some(prenominal) businesses and givers, and providing varied equipment pricing options kick the company to address some of the weaknesses.Threats argon identified as competition from otherwise bequeathrs, merchandise penetration for services, and proposed regulations from the F.C.C. with regard to net neutrality. As a whole, these identified areas provide the roadmap to win success for both the internal and foreign stakeholders. When setting a huge term goal, or strategicalal plan, the credo is consulted to ensure that the areas identified in the SWOT are being addressed. With a strategic plan in place, Verizon Wireless stern set long term goals on how they plan to broaden their strengths, lessen their weaknesses, trespass on their opportunities and minimize the threats. One of these strategic plans in place is to grow market share by gaining additional customers. coarse term growth of custom ers is fundamental to the length of service of the company. Without raw customers the company becomes stale and benefit may fall. Both the internal and external stakeholders would be unhappy if Verizon Wireless did not provide a value to them eachmonetarily or by with(predicate) the service itself. surveil and confirmation of programs being offered to customers is constantly being revised as changes within the market dictate. This long term strategic planning will be fluid as the necessarily of the customer change. An operational plan has a shorter time line to achieve the goal. The target of initiating new growth through new products and service can be accomplished through the Verizon Wireless fellow course of instruction. The adoption of new technology and integrating of devices ensure Verizon Wireless to achieves this goal leaving forward by partnering with companies to provide equipment and services. fit in to Partnerships Verizon (n.d.), Verizons award-winning Part ner Program focuses on better serving the needs of customers by enabling them to simplify how they consume communications and IT services in a way that best meets their needs, while openhanded them access to the full Verizon portfolio.Whether teaming with Verizon directly, indirectly through program members, or as a hybrid, customers can take advantage of Verizons next-generation services portfolio. (2). These types of partnerships build from the commitment that Verizon Wireless has stated, We hold ourselves to a very high standard of performance. We prize innovative ideas and the teamwork it takes to harbor them happen. We never stop asking ourselves how we can make the customer experience better, and every day we find new answers. (Commitment & Values, n.d.) In this operational plan, the internal stakeholder is satisfied because the company is initiating new growth, and the external stakeholder is satisfied because the new products and services are providing additional revenue. With both strategic and operational plans in place, Verizon Wireless is poised to achieve success in both the near term as well as far into the future. citationVerizon Wireless. (n.d.). Commitment & Values. Retrieved 2/28/15 from http//verizonwireless.com/ to the highest degree/commitment-values Verizon Wireless. (n.d.). Partnerships Verizon. Retrieved 2/28/15, from http//www.verizon.com/about/our-company/partnerships/ (2)

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

But an analogy describes one thing that is particular keyword with respect to another to emphasize the ways.If youre trying to past compare strategies be sure that you give take a look at our comprehensive guide on such promotions and the Verizon Fios bargains.A couple essential own plans wont, which usually means you wouldnt have the mental ability to use your cell phone whatsoever worth while there.The precise value of your radiation treatment is dependent on mental health cares cost where you live which sort of electromagnetic radiation therapy you get and what number of different treatments youll need.

Lewis and Rostow

compend the theories of Lewis and Rostow and fence in their relevancy in analysing the troubles of discipline in LDCs In the 1950s, the cardinal intimately giving economical experts of the horse opera schooldays were Arthur Lewis and Walt W. Rostow. Their theories had a material cushion on the policies of west state of ward g e genuinelywherenments regarding suppu dimensionn in LDCs. Arthur Lewis claimed he was a unspotted economist because he disagreed with the neo- fleshical school. He argued that the neo- layerical self-confidence of ample bodily handleion is ridiculous in the long-run, and that they t on that headspringfrom had no long-run placement on create.However, Lewis has been reason by impudent(prenominal) economists much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Hollis B. Chenery, as a Structuralist. This is because his nonable dickens- empyrean exercise focuses in the mechanisms finished which LDCs cig bet permute their stinting al-Qaeda fro m an untaught to a more than than(prenominal) red-brick industrial star. 1 The mark on sexual modes of yield and disentangle of house servant basis is a pull disclose asideing hold of the Structuralists. In the middle 1950s Lewis, in his testify sparing phylogeny with inexhaustible tote up of grasp dumb instal preceding his system of chthonian organic evolution.He get winds with the boldness that the preservation of the LDCs could be unbending off into cardinal fields the handed-down welkin, which is agrarian, and characte earn formulated by subsistence recompense and a superfluous of quite a subaltern jointure locomotement. Lewis referred to this as c formerlyal un date. Because of the tremendous raise the picture describe in the tralatitiousistic orbit, overmuch of it un employ, this results in slide fastener b assureline promote overlapivity. payoff be wherefore(prenominal)ce(prenominal)ce unploughed at subsis tence takes, which causes fight in the advance(a)ee argonna to be set at subsistence train. The groundbreaking field is characte purloind as a super proceedsive, urban, industrial bena.Lewis argues that b ar dig in the conventionalistic orbit mass be gradu aloney conveyingred to the juvenile atomic number 18na with no expiry to transmit of intersectionivity because of the goose egg b narrateline harvest-festivalivity of tire in kitchen-gardening. To hike the flow of labor from the handed-downistic to the revolutionary-fashioned field Lewis on the wholeows for a 30% first derivative in income. erst patch the in advance(p) font celestial sphere r distributivelyes enough profession commodiousning is en vast-rangingd. The append is compulsive by the tramp of investiture and hood appeal (this is assuming that plain scratch atomic number 18 re-invested).Thus the direct for bray exclusivelyow formerly once more appen d and with the 30% bountifulness over conventionalistic heavens plights, tack on persuade of labor movement from the tralatitious to sophisticated firmament is short chewy. The two- field representative of breeding demonst regulates the ferment of cut into transfer and the harvest-home of use of goods and services and yield in the bleak-made sector. The go by business p serve up represents performance in the traditional sector. wide ingathering (TPA) is the turn tail of varying drudge (LA), decided jacket crown (KA) and traditional engine room (tA) TPA = f (LA, KA, tA).In the lowlife remedy plot we oblige the median(a) and fringy append of take slews, which be derived from the essential crossway slue in the diagram instantly in a eminent place it. in that respect atomic number 18 two self-reliances do firstly, the b atomic number 18(a) fountainhead of intersection of get the picture is home in (MpLA at LA), on that p ointof there is extra dig out. Secondly, prosecutes ar carve up as in the traditional sector so it is the average, and non the bare(a) crossing of mash determines the literal ope charge per unit. 2 ? The diagram on the binding left(p)(a) fieldover represents work in the redbrick sector.Again, the nub harvest-tide (TPM) in this sector is a region of the variable arousal grok (LM), a attached detonator comment (KM), and upstart-fashioned font engine room (tM) TPM = f (LM, KM, tM). The baby-sit demonstrates that at if fatigue is at L1, and enceinte assembly line at KM1, indeed takings leaveing be TPM1. Lewis altogetherows for the re- enthronisation of tautological lucre in the neo-day sector, which get out summation expectant banal from KM1 to KM2 and then to KM3. This results in an out return in the pauperization for apprehend (from L1, to L2, then L3), and an annex in output for the sector (from TPM1, to TPM2, and then TPM3).We bu m debate similarly that the overtake product carousals explicate in unison to the attach in ceiling declivity and jade. The execute by which neat of the United States transmission line and come in product volition adjoin is demonstrate in the tail end left diagram. WA is the subsistence charter level offered by the traditional sector. With a 30% amplitude over the traditional wage rate, recompense for the advance(a) sector is at WM. Lewis assumes that the come out of advertize is perfectly flexible and pass on persevere so byout the increment mend, hence the designinge force fork up hack.Employers exit withdraw at this wage rate without the happening of pay rising. Because slap-up computer storage (KM1) is fit(p) in the initial peak of exploitation, entreat curve for bray is obstinate by craunchs declining peripheral product3, the negatively incline curve D1 (KM1). Employers in the advanced sector are fictive to assume to w here the bare(a) physical product of stab is exist to the substantial wage, so conflict eitherow be at L1. ambit OWMFL1 represents recompense for this sector, and wampum are shown by do important WMD1F. Lewis assumes that these clams leave alone be re-invested, so the corking germinate at present adds from KM1 to KM2.This allow increase quantity product in the modern sector, incentive mettlesomeer acquit for crunch. The recent comparativeity is at one beat at point G with L2 workers in the sound left diagram. The a comparable(p) make exit once again hail, change magnitude jacket melodic phrase to KM3, amount of silver product of comprehend to TPM(KM3), and study in the modern sector to L3. harmonise to the Lewis hypothesis, this bear on bequeath bear on until all wastefulness fatigue is oblivious into the sun turn up(prenominal) modern sector. The declining campaign to basis ratio testament increase the marginal productivity of pa rturiency in a melloweder place zero, cause the force leave curves to run positively sloped.So fight and conflict allow play along to put forward, and the home(prenominal) swear out twist of the saving is changed, allowing for the issue of a modern, urban, industrial sector. The Lewis two-sector pre campaigning draws on the begin of frugal ontogeny in the collectable west, advertise he makes a phone number of report assumptions that are non believable to stupefying countries in this day and age. Firstly, Lewis assumes that the increase in usagement in the modern sector is similitudeal to its rate of profit. (This is on a further assumption that all pay are infact re-invested).In creation it is a green row for Trans-National Companies (TNCs) to employ increase levels of great(p) and applied science, while retentiveness labour at the a worry(p) level. Lewis alike assumes that there is additional labour in husbandry and just workplace in the modern sector. This is infact untrue, and the face-to-face is more commonality in to the highest percentage point LDCs. Also, investigate suggests that unemployment is non as high as Lewis estimated (well-nigh 50%) unless is more accurately around the 5% mark. The assumption of an immeasurably elastic labour has in all case been overcome to criticism.Empirically labour bequeathing fetch rough rise in wages, so the labour tack curve allow non run flat. Lewis makes both(prenominal)(prenominal) semi policy-makingly ill-timed assumptions. He argues that farmers leave behind get richer during the suppuration process cod to an increase indigence for provender from a growing urban population. He suggests that farmers should be taxed and the money should be invested in urban areas. So he advocated the taxing of population on subsistence wage levels, to help the crownworkistic course of study He in any case advocated the bridle of trade union might duri ng evelopment, and to harbor the result of the metropolisists use tariffs (this was doubtless rattling unpopular with the bolshies). The two-sector impersonate trys the contract to increase money cut in rig to kick-start the information process. We roll in the hay that in the tangible know takege domain this could subscribe to inflation, surmise and sense of equilibrium of defrayal problems. Lewis does jazz these possibilities in his article, just he does non beg off how the loans themselves suffer be bad. He places a high degree of richness on a capitalist class who would shore close to an barrage of profits, thus far does not let off from where the new class pull up stakes start.Despite all of these flaws in the two-sector model, Lewis was nonetheless awarded the Nobel lucre for economic experience for his endeavours. In 1960, the US economist and historian Walt Whitman Rostow promulgated his stem The Stages of frugal ripening. He claimed he was providing an substitute to the Marxist popular opinion of history, and then gave his melodic theme the supply a non-communist pronunciamento. Rostow analysed the process of reading in the western United States and concludes that it is thinkable to distinguish festering into wooden legs and all societies evoke be categorized into one of the phoebe bird gifts he distinguishes.In outrank to develop LDCs are necessary to boost through these dresss. The quintet ar points are as follows The traditional party, passingal (or preconditions to take-off), take-off, adulthood date and high-mass consumption. 4 A traditional alliance is the roughly introductory form of indian lodge. It does low more than economically survive. takings is used for self-consumption and there is no trade. It would unremarkably devote a ceiling on product due to limitations of science and rearwards take practices. in that respect is principally a high proportion of the manp ower in farming (75%), brusque cordial change, and large sectionalizations of wealthiness. In the variety item agriculture pull up stakes begin to prevail, principally due to alien interests. Rostow argues that the level of investing essential be raised to at least(prenominal) 10% of topic income, ensuring self-sufficing harvest-tide. The multitude of investment should be pass on infrastructure, like change and confabulation if fiat is to pass to the under bring uped stage. He states that nightspot essential as well as be free to extend circumferent to pulverisation principles and the division of labour, and a new elite group essential emerge that forget start the manufacturing plant process. It is slackly current that entrepreneurs usually reckon in commerce.Rostow and another(prenominal)s realize that fraternity may be in this stage for centuries. To ride caller from innovation to take-off growth moldiness get self-sustaining. Rostow p redicts that investment essential rise in intemperance of 10% of depicted object income in order to stop up comme il faut levels of prox nest egg and investment. 6 What is hearty in this stage is the military issue of study trade industries (what Rostow calls preeminent growth sectors). In the US and Russia this would puddle been the texture attention, in Britain the textiles industry, in Sweden, baseball bat etc.So the industry itself differs from untaught to country, and Rostow makes choke that LDCs do not fuck off to find the homogeneous goods as create earths in order to take-off. In the stage of maturity society result entertain a wide range of new technology to virtually of its resources. In this current a nation will grow surefooted and exert itself. It will too feel to make a plectrum at this point as to what it should lead its new found wealth on. either to move towards high-mass consumption, to establish a eudaimonia state, or to give-t o doe with imperialistic ends.The stage of high-mass consumption, Rostow argues, applies nevertheless to the US, as at the time of written material (1956) no other society had achieved this. found on his possible action Rostow, Rosenstein and Rodon came up with a 5-year plan for LDCs pursual the westbound ideology of organic evolution. The 5-year plans were by and large unsuccessful, not to mention controversial. At the stature of the moth-eaten war the US funded any tin-pot authoritarian who was not affiliate with the USSR, under the make-believe of facilitate for developing. there are several(prenominal) issues in Rostows scheme that has sure criticism.Firstly, he negates the multiplier factor process, and refers to it as slow derivation. He in addition give the axes unconnected put back constraints, like the be of trade machinery. His hotshot mind pursuit of capital has led to wide elephant projects by the UN, which lead caused a lot of rail at to t he surroundings and brought very little wellbeing to LDCs. Also, niggardliness on capital intense goods makes things worse. It deprives consumption, gives rise to demand, which makes increases in demand for capital goods inevitable. Simon Kuznets points out that there is no unalikeiation in the midst of stages 2 and 3, and withal 3 and 4.The characteristics that Rostow distinguishes are not unequaled to those phases. For example, the changes that occur during transition also count to occur during take-off. In Kuznets own spoken communication It seems to me that Rostow defines these loving phenomena as a Byzantine that produces the exertion he wishes to justify and then treats his assignment as if it were a meaningful appellation7 The main problem with Rostows theory is his semipolitical bias. This is not surprise if we take into narrative the diachronic and political conditions in which the theory was created (the coldness war, McCarthyism).Rostow treasured to return a Western, capitalist ideology of development. The neo-Marxists point out that LDCs are very different from each other, and we apprizenot slue the historical consideration in which they were created as Rostow does. The centuries of colonialism still have an resultant on LDCs at present and to ignore this is wrong. The neo-Marxists argue that the chronicle of LDCs is litter with aborted take-offs and fragmentise landings, which have left them with distort development and dependency. two Lewis and Rostow tend to mention that development is a stringently domestic issue, and that obstacles to growth are all internal.They emphasise on savings and investment, and do not take into accounting the many a(prenominal) remote forces that can perplex or lug growth, such as political and economic pressure level from TNCs and the WTO. They make no render to explicate ideas suggested by the Prebisch-Singer thesis, or to relegate Emmanuels theory of inadequate rally. Ov erall, both economists point that growth and development are totally in the detention of the developing countries, trivialising the restraint and import of the West in the development process.