Tort Reform in the United States

Tort Reform in the United States A tort can be described as a civil immoral doing or an action that is not inevitably illegitimate, but one that makes another person suffer loss or mischief. In the US, any person who suffers a loss or any impairment has the right to reclaim the loss. Such a person is entitled to claim compensation for damages that he/she has incurred, usually in monetary terms. A tort claim is made against a person or people responsible for the injuries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tort Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tort cases may comprise such topics as product liability, wrongful imprisonment, infringement of copyright, pollution of the environment, and auto accidents among many others that qualify under the definition of a tort. Categories of tort include negligence, statutory torts, nuisance, economic torts, and intentional torts. Tort reforms in the US are simply ideas that are design ed to change the way the civil justice system works In her blog ‘Tort Deform: The Civil Justice Defense blog, Protecting America’s Access to Courts’, Justinian Lane explains tort reforms in terms of the American politics showing how the different divides between the Republicans and Democrats affect the tort reforms. She believes that tort reforms are purely an endeavor â€Å"to make it difficult for people to file injury lawsuits besides collecting reasonable amounts of money from injury suits† (Lane, 2012, Para. 1). She postulates that efforts are meant to protect the leading industries to the detriment of the public (Lane, 2012, Para. 3). Republicans, proponents of the campaign in question, judge that cases are a form of ordinances that affect the giant industries and that most industries fund the Republican Party. On the other hand, most trial lawyers are Democrats and that they fund the Democratic Party from earnings from these suits. Therefore, the su pport for tort reforms by republicans is simply to curtail the Democrats’ source of funds on the political arena. In the evaluation of this postulation for the purposes of if it can be used as an argument for tort reforms in the US, I find it lacking in depth in terms of the core purposes of tort reforms. This follows because all American people suffer civil suits for injury and damages regardless of their political affiliations. Therefore, the need for compensation cannot be pegged on ones political views (Lane, 2012, Para. 6). Stephen King’s views in the article ‘Does Tort Law Reform Help or Hurt Consumers?’ found in the journal The Economic Record of December 2010 â€Å"constructs a simple competitive model to analyze the effect of Tort reforms on consumers† (King, 2010, p. 563). The framework indicates that changes â€Å"to limit non-economic losses make consumers worse off ex ante† (King, 2010, p. 564).Advertising Looking for res earch paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, changes in financial losses translate to equivocal consequences. King explains that tort law reforms in the US are meant to place a ceiling to payments on non-economic losses ranging from between $250,000 in Kansas, Tennessee, and Montana to more than $1million in Nebraska, Indiana, and Virginia. He explains that tort reforms are aimed at reducing the number of claims made, as well as the size of claims with the sole aim of lowering insurance premiums to make other products that come along with it more affordable. This article by King is reliable in the study of tort reforms in the US because Stephen King, as an individual, is a distinguished scholar in the field of Business and Economics at the Monash University Caulfield, Victoria; Australia (King, 2010, p. 577). King’s article gives an empirical approach to the topic to prove the theory he is postulating. This therefore makes the article reliable. The article is published in the Economic Record Journal, which is a journal published by the Economic Society of Australia, which is an authority in economic matters in Australia recognized in the world over (King, 2010, p. 563). In the article ‘Public Choice and Tort Reform’ of 2005, Paul Rubin explains the origin, existence, and the future of tort law together with the need and consequences of its reform. Rubin explains that several interest groups that tend to shape tort, in its origin and reform, to meet their own agenda influence (Rubin, 2005, p. 224). He therefore approaches it from a public choice point of view to find out the public’s interest in tort reforms. He narrows the reforms down to the US in relation to the special groups’ interest. This follows because tort has been shaped up by special interest lobbying and what can be described as rent seeking by trial lawyers. The article bring s out the cost of tort on the economy. It explains that the cost of tort in relation to GDP is 2.2% of GDP, and that other costs like administrative costs and lawyer fees make up about 87% of the total tort cost ((Rubin, 2005, p. 228). This article by Rubin is reliable in explaining tort reforms in the US because it comes along with facts that it has used for its argument to reach its conclusion. The article is authentic because, for it to qualify to appear in the public choice journal, it has met all the stringent conditions for any academic articles for the purpose of publication (Rubin, 2005, p. 236). Howard Brody et.al in their paper entitled ‘Professionally Responsible Malpractice Reform’ in the Journal of Internal Medicine explores the relationship between negligence, medical malpractice, and tort reforms. The authors explain that most medical practitioners are not versed with the tort laws because they fall under a very different field, and they are too broad (Br ody, 2011, p. 808).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tort Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They explain that, if medical malpractice is taken care of well, then incidences that require the intervention of tort law or action within the medical field will reduce (Brody, 2011, p. 808). The paper further explains that physician-centered tort reforms in the US are aimed at protecting physicians by limiting the number of malpractice suits filed against the practice in a bid to punish lawyers who are accused of bringing in frivolous malpractice suits. This is discovered to be used by doctors to cover them up against litigation and not necessarily to cap tort payments (Brody, 2011, p. 809). In finding out the authenticity of this paper and if it can be used as an authority for tort reforms in the US, the answer is yes. Medical malpractice, specifically physician negligence, is one of the major categories covered under the tort law and thus the need to reform tort in the US will most definitely fall within this document. The document has been prepared by Howard Brody et al who have an authority in medical matters as holders of a PhD in medicine. Therefore, he is an authority in this matter. Janelle Blake et.al explores efforts that have been made by the state to curb medical malpractice reforms in her article titled ‘The Us Medical Liability System: Evidence for Legislative Reform’, which was published in the journal Annals of Family Medicine. In the article, she evaluates the effects of previous malpractice tort reforms on malpractice payments and premiums in the US (Blake, 2006, p. 243). Her findings point out that a decrease in misconduct costs could be garnered significantly, â€Å"if non-economic damage ceilings could be put in operation on a national scale† (Blake, 2006, p. 246). Her findings also indicate that noneconomic damage and total d amage ceilings could lead to lower premiums. Further, she reveals, â€Å"statutory tort reforms were not associated with lower rates of payments† (Blake, 2006, p. 246). The study explains that increase in these malpractice premiums together with excessive rewards that litigants are paid and the fear that physicians have against litigation, have led to a rise in healthcare costs thus a threat to access to medical care in the US (Blake, 2006, p. 246). The study can be used as an authentic study material for tort reforms in the US because it tends to bring out reasons for agitation of tort reforms in the US, as well as the cost of a tort action to the economy and society as a whole. This is a scholarly article done using empirical studies to come up with the drawn conclusions. As such, it has been published in a reputable research journal.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, the articles that have been evaluated here concerning their suitability to give advice on tort reforms in the US are authentic and reliable. The conclusion follows since the sources scholarly publications with authority in their different fields. The authors of the same articles are professionals in their fields and have very high academic credentials to cap with thus making them have authority in their respective fields of study. Thus, their opinions can be counted on to advice on the said topic ‘Tort Reforms in the US’. The articles explored have been prepared with facts in hand to prove whatever theory they are trying to postulate about tort reforms. Such facts have been collected from reliable findings done over a period, and are consistent with the requirements of research. Reference List Blake, J. (2006). The US Medical Liability System: Evidence for Legislative Reform. Annals of Family Medicine, 4(3), 240-248. Brody, H. (2011). Professionally Respo nsible Malpractice Reform. Journal of Internal  Medicine, 26(7), 808-809. King, S. (2010). Does Tort Reform Help or Hurt Consumers. The Economic Record, 86(275), 563-577. Lane, J. (2012). Protecting Americans Access to the Courts. Tort Deform: The civil  Justice Defence Blog. Retrieved from tortdeform.com/ Rubin, P. (2005). Public choice and Tort Reform. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/30026711?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

5 Common Private School Interview Questions

5 Common Private School Interview Questions If your child is applying to private school for middle school or high school (usually fifth grade and beyond), he or she can expect to have an interview  with a member of the admissions team. This interaction is typically a required part of the application process and allows the admissions committee to add a personal dimension to the students application. This is an important aspect of applying to private school and is a great way for a student to enhance his or her application.   While each student will have a different experience during the interview, and each school varies in what it asks applicants, there are some common questions that many students applying to private school can expect to encounter. Your child can practice answering these questions to be fully prepared for the interview: What in Recent Current Events Has Interested You? Older students, in particular, are expected to follow current events and know what’s going on. To answer this question in a thoughtful way, students should make a habit of regularly reading their local newspaper or following local news outlets online, as well as familiarizing themselves with international and national news. Outlets such as The New York Times  or The Economist are often popular options and are available both online and in print. Students should think through their views and speak knowledgeably about events happening in the U.S. and abroad. Many private school history classes require students to read the news regularly, so it’s beneficial for students to start following current events even before entering private school. Following major news outlets on social media is another way to stay on top of breaking news and issues facing our world.   What Do You Read Outside of School? Even if students prefer to spend time on the computer rather than curled up with a paperback, they should have read three or so age-appropriate books that they can speak about thoughtfully in the interview. They can read books on their digital devices or print copies, but they need to engage in regular reading. Not only is it useful for the admission process, but it is good practice to help improve both reading comprehension and  vocabulary. While it’s acceptable to speak about books students have read in school, they should also have read some books outside of class.  Students should develop an idea of why these books interest them. For example, are they about a compelling topic? Do they have an interesting protagonist? Do they explain more about a fascinating event in history? Are they written in an engaging and suspenseful way? Applicants can think about how they might answer these questions in advance. Other reading material might include books related to a childs hobbies or recent travel that the family has done. These books can help the admission officer better connect with the applicant and provides the student a chance to speak about specific passions. Both fiction and non-fiction options are acceptable, and students should engage in reading material that interests them.   Tell Me a Bit About Your Family This is a common interview question  and one that is potentially filled with minefields. Applicants can talk about who’s in their immediate and extended family, but they should steer clear of difficult or potentially embarrassing subjects. It’s fine to state that the child’s parents are divorced, as this fact will be obvious to the admissions committee, but the applicant shouldn’t speak about topics that are too personal or revelatory. Admission officers expect to hear about family vacations, what holidays are like, or even about family traditions or cultural celebrations, all of which paint a picture of what the home life is like. The goal of the interview is to get to know the applicant, and learning about family is a great way to do this. Why Are You Interested in Our School? Admissions committees like this question so that they can assess how motivated the student is to attend their school. The applicant should know something about the school and which academic classes  or  sports  he or she might participate in at the school. It’s compelling if the student has visited classes at the school or spoken to coaches or teachers to speak in a first-hand, vivid way about why he or she wants to attend the school. Canned, clichà ©d answers such as, â€Å"Your school has a great reputation† or cynical answers like, â€Å"My dad said I would get into a really good college if I went here† don’t hold much water with admissions committees. Tell Us More About What You Do Outside of School This one is a no-brainer. Students should be prepared to speak eloquently about their area of interest, whether it’s music, drama, sports, or another area. They might also explain how they will continue this interest while at the school, as admissions committees are always looking for well-rounded applicants. This is also a chance for an applicant to share a new interest. Private schools tend to encourage students to try new things, and sharing with the admission officer a desire to try a new sport or get involved with art is a great way to show a desire to grow and expand.

Use of Technology and Social Media in Preaching Assignment

Use of Technology and Social Media in Preaching - Assignment Example Use of Technology and Social Media in Preaching Preachers and listeners hold and express doctrines of the Spirit with huge disparities. However, the absence of the power of God reduces the delivery of the sermon to a sad repeat. Preaching is also description and address. In a properly understood narration, the story of Jesus must carry and express word of address to listeners. Preaching is done intentionally to he listeners and as such the indicative mood carries the importance in its bosom. Likewise, speaking that takes to the hearers but does not possess content of faith is not preaching. Finally preaching is both private and public. It is private in the sense that the process of preparation creates a strong sense of ownership to the preacher (Johnston 2011, 108). In his book, Giving Blood, The Art and Craft of Interactive Preaching, Leonard Sweet’s fundamental questions addresses the kind of communication style best reverberates in a social and technological world. This social world is depicted by platforms of Twitter, G oogle, ipads/phones and Facebook best abbreviated as TGiF. Sweet takes a thorough analysis and tries to find out whether this communication mode is deductive, inductive, and abductive or is just something else. For instance, Twitter handle offers an avenue for better discipleship and offers a platform for ministry. Important to note about twitter is the categorical principle of followership because it fundamentally involves who you are following and who your followers are. This social platform is a constant reminder that every happening does not entirely depend on leadership but rather on followership. Followership involves two orientations namely: who am I following and who is following me. Just like apostle Paul said, â€Å"Follow me as I follow Christ†, twitter provides an avenue where one constantly reframes himself. This reframing is especially geared towards conforming to acts performed by Jesus including being gracious, forgiving, loving and acting as a discipler who h elps his flock (Sweet 2008, 157). Social platforms offer great quotes that have an impact on a multitude of crowds. An analogy is depicted that if one is unable to say a statement in everyday’s words, then probably he or she does not comprehend it. As such, the platforms provide unique channels where one is able to eloquently state the message that reaches out. The gospel is expressed with immediacy and terseness on a number of teachings that Christ advocated or. Social network sites basically involve the simple stuff every common human being is able to connect with even at personal levels. Social media offers a common ground for global undertakings throughout the world and even in churches and parishes across the world. Through the social media, questions on whether the listeners or partakers of the message connect with the global community are addressed. Additionally, under common global concern, the listeners of the messages are encouraged to act as mirrors to others and l ead by example. It is also through the social sites that a preacher may find social solitude. By this a preacher is shut off his undertakings while simultaneously giving back to the society without hiding. Therefore, Sweet advocates for the use of social media in preaching and this is in tandem with the above mentioned reasons (Sweet 2008, 136). Another great piece of work by Leonard Sweet is the book Viral: How Social Networking Is Poised to Ignite Revival by Leonard Sweet. This book equally plays a fundamental role in addressing the role

Account for the failure of the experiment in constitutional monarchy Essay

Account for the failure of the experiment in constitutional monarchy between 1789 and 1792 - Essay Example By late 1792, the rule of monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the first French Republic. The vision of an ideal society in which the government worked for the good of the nation and not for individual interests was the driving force behind the political ideas of the French revolutionaries (Hanson, 2004: 4). This paper proposes to account for the failure of the experiment in constitutional monarchy between 1789-1792 during the French Revolution. Further, the extent to which the attitude and behaviour of the king were damaging to the monarchy, and the significance of the development of a more radical strand of politics will be determined. Until 1789, hereditary monarchy which is also known as absolute monarchy was the norm in France, as in other parts of Europe. Though there were no constitutional restraints, every ruler operated within certain constraints. However, several difficulties were commonly experienced by thr rulers such as poor communications, lack of information, absence of a trained civil service which made reforms difficult to implement, resistance to change by vested interests, etc (Simpson, 2000: 11). The representatives of the third estate who took the new title of National Assembly, demanded that France should have a constitution, a set of rules by which it would be governed, and which even the monarch would have to obey. A large part of the first National Assembly’s legislation became incorporated in the Constitution of 1791. It was agreed that the monarchy should remain, which was to be a new constitutional monarchy, stripped of former absolute control over government, legislation, army and justice. Actual power would lie in the hands of the National Assembly itself, with unlimited powers over taxation, authority in all legislative matters, limited only by the requirement to hold elections every two years. The new constitutional

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay Example for Free

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay There are so many people who have influenced my life, but the person that stands out the most is my grandmother. I call her my Nee because I couldn’t say â€Å"Grandma† when I started talking. She always is a happy person every time I see her; she always tries to make herself a better person no matter what. I look up to her every day, and I want to grow up and be respected like she is. She has influenced me by her actions to respect elders, respect my parents, and the most important one is to always have a smile on my face even when I’m down. Nee always tells me to respect my elders. She always leaves an impression to my eyes for the reason that she still respects her elders to this day. I can remember from day one that she always tells me to use my manners no matter who it is. I would always get in trouble for not saying â€Å"Yes Ma’am†, â€Å"No Sir†, â€Å"Please and Thank You†. When we go out in public she always sees someone she knows, and I will always catch her saying those words. Even if they aren’t older than her, she still uses her manners. I know she always reminds me to have respect because she will always compliment kids that use manners towards her. By her telling me that she loves and respects it when kids use manners, then I know the elders love and respect it when I use my manners. I get complimented all the time for having such great manners and I will always tell everyone that it’s all because of my grandmother. Respecting my parents is very important to her also. She always would tell me when I went over to her house to never be rude to my parents. They are the reason I am here today, and have such a fantastic life. I will ever forget the day when I had to go clean her house, because at a family outing I yelled at my parents for a dumb reason, and my grandma got mad. She told me that I had to come over for the weekend and she was going to teach me a valuable lesson about respecting my parents. I had to clean all the floors and windows, and let me tell you that was not enjoyable. I learned my lesson real quick and I would never yell at my parents again. My grandmother taught me that I am disobeying God by yelling at my parents. Nee always has a smile on her face no matter what her day been like. She is always a happy person and just brings a happy mood to the room. I look up to that greatly because I want to be happy all the time, and I want people to want to be around me. She would always tell me that nobody likes being around sad and gloomy people since it will just make them in that mood also. One weekend I was very cheerless and I walked into the room that had a joyful atmosphere, and then it just dropped to pure unhappiness. I could hear Nee inside my head telling me â€Å"People don’t like to be around others who are not cheerful†, and right then I changed my mood. I didn’t want to make those happy people all gloomy because I was; I wanted them to want to be around me. She would also tell me that going to church and worshiping The Lord will forever make you in such a joyful mood. I have gone to church since I was little, and every Sunday when I leave, I always have a smile on my face. As Nee continues to teach me respect and how to become a better person, her influence on me will just keep increasing significantly. Her teaching me to respect my elders no matter how old I am shows me that I still have to use my manner when I am an elder; because that’s how I want to be treated by younger people. She always will tell me that I need to respect my parents no matter what the situation is and to view the fact that one day they won’t be here and I’m going to be a parent. Last but not least, I always need to remember to have a smile on my face. I will always hear Nee tell me that nobody wants to be around depressing people, so I better turn that frown upside down. By Nee teaching me to respect elders, respect my parents, and always keep a smile on my face, I have no doubt that I will be an influence on someone else in the future.

The Life of Alan Shapiro and Analysis of “Country Western Singer” Essay

Alan Shapiro is a poet whom uses the sorrowful tragedies that occurred in his lifetime and turns them into beautiful poems in which he greatly expresses through his poetry. Most of his poems symbolize either a type of sorrow or tragic death, and the expressions used throughout his poetry make it noticeable that Alan Shapiro endured a life of hardship and tragedy. While Shapiro was growing up he lost his brother and his sister in which the poem â€Å"Sleet† by Alan Shapiro beautifully encompasses his feeling of grief and sorrow due to the loss of his siblings. Alan Shapiro was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on February 18th, 1952. He is the son of Harold and Marilyn Shapiro. Growing up Shapiro was a part of a Jewish household. Shapiro received his education at Brandies University. While attending Brandies University he discovered that his one and only passion was for the astounding art of poetry and he found an escape from all the devastating disasters he encountered in his youth (Garbett). Shapiro is also now an educator at Stanford University and he has also worked at Northwestern University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As Shapiro conveys in many of his works after researching Shapiro’s life it is known Shapiro’s brother and sister both died of cancer while Shapiro was very young, and these events highly contribute to Shapiro’s work as a poet. The memoir that Shapiro wrote which was entitled Vigil is about the tragic death of his sister due to the unfortunate events of being diagnosed with bre ast cancer. As it is well known Shapiro’s poems are very tragic and sorrowfully oriented it is no fault to say that different people happen to react and cope with death in different ways and Shapiro expresses his sadnes... ... This line implies that the drinking will never end and that no one can stop him from drinking no matter what you do. This poem is a poem that has beautiful imagery that consistently connects the reader to what’s going on in the actual poem like these lines from â€Å"Country Western Singer†, â€Å"And the blood I taste, the blood I swallow / Is as far away from wine / as 5:10 is for the one who dies at 5:09† (37-40). These lines have to do with the final push of the alcoholic and the fact that they lost the battle against alcoholism and did in fact pass away. In the most recent of years Alan Shapiro has not been as popular as he was some years ago, but no matter what Alan Shapiro poems will forever be engraved in the poetry world as the poems that many people of the world can relate to and I think that this will help him remain a staple in the poetry world for years to come.

Increasing Unemployment Rate Essay

A record 202 million people could be unemployed across the world in 2013, the International Labour Organization (ILO) said on Tuesday. Five years on from the onset of the financial crisis, unemployment is on the rise again as economies around the world lose jobs and the fragile recovery is threatened by â€Å"incoherent monetary policy† in the US and Europe, said the ILO. According to United Nation’s agency’s latest report, Global EmploymentTrends 2013, 6% of the world’s workforce were without a job in 2012. The number of jobless people around the world rose by 4m in 2012 to 197m. Young people were the worst affected: nearly 13% of those under 24 were unemployed. Some 35% of all young unemployed people have been out of work for six months or longer in advanced economies, up from 28.5% in 2007. â€Å"This is a massive waste of the lives of young people and their talents and extraordinarily damaging to the people themselves and their societies even if stability were not to be affected,† said ILO chief Guy Ryder. The situation is being exacerbated by â€Å"incoherent monetary policy,† in the world’s largest economies (the G20), said the ILO. â€Å"In comparison with the crisis years of 2008 and 2009, the stance of monetary and fiscal policies in G20 countries has lost coherence, thereby increasing uncertainty and limiting policy effectiveness to support the recovery,† said the report. The global economy is expected to show a modest gain in 2013, with output up 3.6% compared to 3.3% in 2012, according to the International Monetary Fund. But this fragile recovery is threatened by political uncertainty on both sides of the Atlantic that threatens recovery worldwide, said the ILO. In the US, the recovery is being challenged by negotiations over the debt ceiling, and spending cuts associated with the fiscal cliff. In Europe, a modest recovery is dependent on the ability of political leaders to â€Å"establish credible policies to promote fiscal integration of Euro-area economies†. â€Å"Incoherence between monetary and fiscal policies adopted in different countries and a piecemeal approach to financial sector and sovereign debt problems, in particular in the euro area, have led to uncertainty weighing on the global outlook,† said the report. â€Å"Investment has not yet recovered to pre-crisis levels in many countries. The indecision of policymakers in several countries has led to uncertainty about future conditions, and reinforced corporate tendencies to increase cash holdings or pay dividends rather than expand capacity and hire new workers.† The world’s advanced economies were the epicenter for the financial crisis and have been the hardest hit, accounting for half of the total increase in unemployment of 28 million since the onset of the crisis. But developing economies are now being hit by the double dip in some of the world’s advanced economies, said the ILO. Advanced economies lost another 1m jobs in 2012, while 3m were lost in other regions, especially hard hit were east Asia, south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Grab a copy of the March edition of La Vida Magazine and get the full story.

Why Students Should Have Part Time Jobs

Is it a good idea for High School Students to have a part-time job? I think that high school students should have part time jobs because it gives students a chance to get out and contribute to the community. It teaches students the value of money and gives them skills that they can use in their future. Firstly, a part time job for students is a good idea because students are greatly needed to participate in to todays society, getting a job in the community is a great way to participate and get themselves involved.It gives students a sense of ownership and belonging within their community that they too are an active member that helps make the society function at it's highest level. Also, when students get a pay check they have to know that they need to budget their money and also to create a savings account for future purchases. It also teaches them the value of the dollar where a teenager when about to spend their money they can stop and question themselves ‘is this a want, or is this a need? This is a great tool for young adults to acquire at a young age. Finally it gives students important skills useful for their future. For example, a student was to get a job at the local gas bar one would learn how to handle money, how to stock shelves, order supplies that are needed, customer service and the ability to handle hazardous materials. It's also builds a students character and trust worthy value. As we all know in society word of mouth about ones character and how responsible they are excel fast within any community.In conclusion, part time work for a student is a key element in future success. It allows the student to grow and learn as an individual and creates strong work ethic. There is nothing more valuable to an employer than an employee that has these skills and in life there is nothing more desirable as an individual than to have a strong sense of worth, character and the ability to handle and manage money to their fullest potential.

Anne Frank and Elly Cassuto Comparison essays

Anne Frank and Elly Cassuto Comparison essays Anne Frank and Elizabeth Cassuto were both Jewish girls that lived in Holland. In fact, they went to the same school. They lived in the time in Europe when the Holocaust was happening. Both the girls and their families were scared that they were going to get sent to a concentration or extermination camp, so they hid so the Nazis did not take them away. Anne and Elly may seem alike, but in actuality, the two are very different. First, Anne and Elly both hid, but in different places. Anne and her family stayed in one hiding space, which was an attic of a jam factory. Elly hid in many places. Her and her family first hid in an attic they shared with another Jewish family. While in these attics, Anne and Elly both had to be quiet from 8 am to 5 pm, to avoid being heard by the people downstairs. Ellys father, Abraham, later took his family out of town because the hiding spot was about to be discovered. Elly lost track of the rest of her family and ended up with Grace Bogaarts, who became Ellys guardian. Also, the story of Elly Cassuto is not known by a lot of people in the world. However, Anne Frank is known world- wide. Thats because she kept a diary of all the events that happened while she was in hiding and at the camps. Her journal was published after 1845 and was read all around the world. She also took pictures of the places she hid. Finally, the endings of Elizabeth and Annes stories are different. Anne Frank died in 1945 in the Bergen- Belson concentration camp. She contracted typhus, most likely from lice, because that was very common during the Holocaust. Elly Cassuto survived the Holocaust because she was protected by Grace. She and Elly continued their close relationship until 1964, when Grace died. Later, Elly married a man named Ernest and lived a full, happy life. The Holocaust made great changes to the world. People like Anne Frank and Elizabeth Cassuto taught us many things about th ...

Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Conqueror of Asia

Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Conqueror of Asia Tamerlane (April 8, 1336–February 18, 1405) was the ferocious and terrifying founder of the Timurid empire of Central Asia, eventually ruling much of Europe and Asia. Throughout history, few names have inspired such terror as his. Tamerlane was not the conquerors actual name, though. More properly, he is known as Timur, from the Turkic word for iron. Fast Facts: Tamerlane or Timur Known For: Founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405), ruled from Russia to India, and from the Mediterranean Sea to Mongolia.Birth: April 8, 1336 in Kesh, Transoxiana (present-day Uzbekistan)Parents: Taraghai Bahdur and Tegina BegimDied: February 18, 1405 at Otrar, in KazakhstanSpouse(s): Aljai Turkanaga (m. about 1356, d. 1370), Saray Mulk (m. 1370), dozens of other wives and concubinesChildren: Timur had dozens of children, those who ruled his empire after his death include Pir Muhammad Jahangir (1374–1407, ruled 1405–1407), Shahrukh Mirza (1377–1447, r. 1407–1447), and Ulegh Beg (1393–1449, r. 1447–1449). Amir Timur is remembered as a vicious conqueror, who razed ancient cities to the ground and put entire populations to the sword. On the other hand, he is also known as a great patron of the arts, literature, and architecture. One of his signature achievements is his capital in the city of Samarkand, located in modern-day Uzbekistan. A complicated man, Timur continues to fascinate us some six centuries after his death. Early Life Timur was born on April 8, 1336, near the city of Kesh (now called Shahrisabz), about 50 miles south of the oasis of Samarkand, in Transoxiana.  The childs father Taraghai Bahdur was the chief of the Barlas tribe; Timurs mother was Tegina Begim. The Barlas were of mixed Mongolian and Turkic ancestry, descended from the hordes of Genghis Khan and the earlier inhabitants of Transoxiana. Unlike their nomadic ancestors, the Barlas were settled agriculturalists and traders. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Arabshahs 14th-century biography, Tamerlane or Timur: The Great Amir, states that Timur was descended from Genghis Khan on his mothers side; it is not entirely clear whether that is true. Many of the details of Tamerlanes early life are from a spate of manuscripts, dozens of heroic tales written from the early 18th through 20th centuries, and stored in archives across Central Asia, Russia, and Europe. In his book The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane, historian Ron Sela has argued that they were based on ancient manuscripts but serve as a manifest against the corruption of rulers and officials, a call to respect Islamic traditions, and an attempt to situate Central Asia within a greater geopolitical and religious sphere.   The tales are full of adventures and mysterious happenings and prophecies. According to those tales, Timur raised in the city of Bukhara, where he met and married his first wife Aljai Turkanaga. She died about 1370, after which he married several of the daughters of Amir Husayn Qara’unas, a rival leader, including Saray Mulk.  Timur eventually collected dozens of women as wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers or erstwhile husbands lands. Disputed Causes of Timurs Lameness The European versions of Timurs name- Tamerlane or Tamberlane- are based on the Turkic nickname Timur-i-leng, meaning Timur the Lame.  Timurs body was exhumed by a Russian team led by archaeologist Mikhail Gerasimov in 1941, and they found evidence of two healed wounds on Timurs right leg. His right hand was also missing two fingers. The anti-Timurid author Arabshah says that Timur was shot with an arrow while stealing sheep. More likely, he was wounded in 1363 or 1364 while fighting as a mercenary for Sistan (southeastern Persia) as stated by contemporary chroniclers Ruy Clavijo and Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi. Transoxianas Political Situation During Timurs youth, Transoxiana was riven by conflict between the local nomadic clans and the sedentary Chagatay Mongol khans who ruled them. The Chagatay had abandoned the mobile ways of Genghis Khan and their other ancestors  and taxed the people heavily in order to support their urban lifestyle. Naturally, this taxation angered their citizens. In 1347, a local named Kazgan seized power from the Chagatai ruler Borolday. Kazgan would rule until his assassination in 1358. After Kazgans death, various warlords and religious leaders vied for power. Tughluk Timur, a Mongol warlord, emerged victorious in 1360. Young Timur Gains and Loses Power Timurs uncle Hajji Beg led the Barlas at this time  but refused to submit to Tughluk Timur. The Hajji fled, and the new Mongol ruler decided to install the seemingly more pliable young Timur to rule in his stead. In fact, Timur was already plotting against the Mongols. He formed an alliance with the grandson of Kazgan, Amir Hussein, and married Husseins sister Aljai Turkanaga. The Mongols soon caught on; Timur and Hussein were dethroned and forced to turn to banditry in order to survive. In 1362, the legend says, Timurs following was reduced to two: Aljai and one other. They were even imprisoned in Persia for two months. Timurs Conquests Begin Timurs bravery and tactical skill made him a successful mercenary soldier in Persia, and he soon collected a large following. In 1364, Timur and Hussein banded together again and defeated Ilyas Khoja, the son of Tughluk Timur. By 1366, the two warlords controlled Transoxiana. Timurs first wife died in 1370, freeing him to attack his erstwhile ally Hussein. Hussein was besieged and killed at Balkh, and Timur declared himself the sovereign of the whole region. Timur was not directly descended from Genghis Khan on his fathers side, so he ruled as an amir  (from the Arabic word for prince), rather than as khan.  Over the next decade, Timur seized the rest of Central Asia as well. Timurs Empire Expands With Central Asia in hand, Timur invaded Russia in 1380. He helped the Mongol Khan Toktamysh retake control and also defeated the Lithuanians in battle. Timur captured Herat (now in Afghanistan) in 1383, the opening salvo against Persia. By 1385, all of Persia was his.   With invasions in 1391 and 1395, Timur fought against his former protege in Russia, Toktamysh. The Timurid army captured Moscow in 1395.  While Timur was busy in the north, Persia revolted. He responded by leveling entire cities  and using the citizens skulls to build grisly towers and pyramids. By 1396, Timur had also conquered Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Georgia. Conquest of India, Syria, and Turkey Timurs army of 90,000 crossed the Indus River in September  1398 and set upon India. The country had fallen to pieces after the death of Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351–1388) of the Delhi Sultanate, and by this time Bengal, Kashmir, and the Deccan each had separate rulers. The Turkic/Mongol invaders left carnage along their path; Delhis army was destroyed in December and the city was ruined. Timur seized tons of treasure and 90 war elephants  and took them back to Samarkand. Timur looked west in 1399, retaking Azerbaijan and conquering Syria. Baghdad was destroyed in 1401 and 20,000 of its people were slaughtered. In July 1402, Timur captured early Ottoman Turkey and received the submission of Egypt. Final Campaign and Death The rulers of Europe were glad that the Ottoman Turk sultan Bayazid had been defeated, but they trembled at the idea that Tamerlane was at their doorstep. The rulers of Spain, France, and other powers sent congratulatory embassies to Timur, hoping to stave off an attack. Timur had bigger goals, though. He decided in 1404 that he would conquer Ming China. (The ethnic-Han Ming Dynasty had overthrown his cousins, the Yuan, in 1368.) Unfortunately for him, however, the Timurid army set out in December during an unusually cold winter. Men and horses died of exposure, and the 68-year-old Timur fell ill. He died on February 17, 1405 at Otrar, in Kazakhstan. Legacy Timur started life as the son of a minor chieftain, much like his putative ancestor Genghis Khan. Through sheer intelligence, military skill, and force of personality, Timur was able to conquer an empire stretching from Russia to India and from the Mediterranean Sea to Mongolia. Unlike Genghis Khan, however, Timur conquered not to open trade routes and protect his flanks, but to loot and pillage. The Timurid Empire did not long survive its founder  because he rarely bothered to put any governmental structure in place after he destroyed the existing order. While Timur professed to be a good Muslim, he obviously felt no compunction about destroying the jewel-cities of Islam and slaughtering their inhabitants. Damascus, Khiva, Baghdad...these ancient capitals of Islamic learning never really recovered from Timurs attentions. His intent seems to have been to make his capital at Samarkand the first city in the Islamic world. Contemporary sources say that Timurs forces killed about 19 million people during their conquests. That number is probably exaggerated, but Timur does seem to have enjoyed massacre for its own sake. Timurs Descendants Despite a death-bed warning from the conqueror, his dozens of sons and grandsons immediately began to fight over the throne when he passed away. The most successful Timurid ruler, Timurs grandson Ulegh Beg (1393–1449, ruled 1447–1449), gained fame as an astronomer and scholar. Ulegh was not a good administrator, however, and was murdered by his own son in 1449. Timurs line had better luck in India, where his great-great-grandson Babur founded the Mughal Dynasty in 1526. The Mughals ruled until 1857 when the British expelled them. (Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal, is thus also a descendant of Timur.) Timurs Reputation Timur was lionized in the west for his defeat of the Ottoman Turks. Christopher Marlowes Tamburlaine the Great and Edgar Allen Poes Tamerlane are good examples. Not surprisingly, the people of Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East remember him rather less favorably. In post-Soviet Uzbekistan, Timur has been made into a national folk hero. The people of Uzbek cities like Khiva, however, are skeptical; they remember that he razed their city and killed nearly every inhabitant. Sources Gonzlez de Clavijo, Ruy. Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–1406. Trans. Markham, Clements R. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1859.Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.Sela, Ron. The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia. Trans. Markham, Clements R.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.  Saunders, J. J. History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.

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