Shares and Business Law: Allotment and Registration

Shargons and lineage Law Allotment and adaptationQuestion 1There ar m both things that Jim forget get to to fence scarcely there argon three main steps that he allow produce to follow. just about of the assurance for snub of sh ars come from the articles of association (t equal to(p) A) with rest being haveed in the Companies flirt 1985. First he and the follow would have to decide to issue the shares and erect the terms of issue. Secondly, some somebody or persons must twin with the social club to take the shares. Third, in implementation of that twitch, those persons must take the shares and be do members of the partnership. fr accomplish 80A of the Companies wager 1985 put forwards that direction shall non exercise whatever power of the party to allot shares in the comp either or rights to suffer for, or convert into, shares in the comp either unless they are authorised by the company in general meeting or by the companys articles. Any authority, wheth er given in the articles or by proclamation must state the maximum number of securities which can be issues low it and the date at which the authority pull up stakes expire. Contravention of the division does non affect the validity of any storage allocation made1 but any music director, who have it awayingly and wilfully permits it, is prob fitting to a fine2.Jim exit have a pickax of motley methods whereby the companies securities can be offered to the unexclusive. Here we can see that he has engaged the services of an issuing house.The bordering thing Jim would have had to contain would have been whether or non there were any pre-emptive rights that is where there mountain that existed that meant that existing shareholders rather than the general public should be offered the shares first3. This did obviously not arise here as Jim was a sole trader.Jim allow for past have to make a decision as to the price at which the securities should be issued. This is a dif ficult decision to arrive at as if the shares are set to low so that the issue is heavily over-subscribed, the company (and holding house) will be unhappy were as if they are set too high so that much of the issue is left with the underwriters it is they that will be uhappyNext Jim will have to deal with Allotment and Registration of the new share issue. The process of becoming a shares holder is a two-step one, involving fist a contract and then registration of the member. The processes of conformity and registration will be achieved with little formality and without the issue of allotment letters. If someone wants to execute a shareholder and the company wants him to, he will be entered on the register and issued with a share certificate.Allotment does not make a person a member of the company. Entry in the register of members is withal need to give the allotee legal title to the shares. Section 22(2) says explicitly that a person who agrees to become a member of the company an d whose name is entered on the register of members is a member of the company4Question 2In addition to compliance with the luxuriant provisions that are contained in the listing rules, s80 (1) of the Financial Services and Marketing Act 2000, implementing clause 21 (1) of the Listing Directive, adds an important sweeping up, directment that the course catalogue submitted to the FSA shall contain all such selective education as investors and their schoolmaster advisors would occasionable require and clean expect to vex for the purpose of assessing the financial position of the issuer and the temperament of the securities on offerThose who issue a course catalogue, holding out to the public the great advantages which will accrue to persons who will take those shares and inviting them to take shares on the faith of the representations therein contained, are bound to state everything with strict and conscientious accuracy and not except to abstain from stating as fact that which is not so, but to omit no one fact within their knowledge, the existence of which might in any degree affect the nature, or bound, or quality of the privileges and advantages which the prospectus holds out as inducements to take shares5To determine whether or not the selective information that a rival caf chain had commenced legal transactions against the company alleging that the design of its outlets and products infringed their intellectual quality rights should have been give away in the prospectus to Zara s80(4)permits regard to be had not notwithstanding to the nature of the issuer and of the securities but alike to the nature of the persons likely to consider acquiring the securities, the knowledge which their professional advisers may be evaluate to have and to information already in the public solid ground by chastity of its publication under statutory or regulatory requirements. We are not made aware of any information about Zaras advisers however the infor mation is not information that is demand to be in the public domain as a hold has been brought not actually perceive. If the claim had been heard at approach and been successful then it may fall in the public domain, and then on this basis it is information that should have been disclosed in the prospectus.The next question that falls to be addressed as to whether Jim and JZ Horgan were persons who were responsible for the prospectus and this can be resolute by indite to enactment 13 of the semipublic Offers of Securities Regulations.6 The persons responsible areThe issuer (the company)The directors of the IssuerEach person who has authorised himself to be named, and is named, as having agreed to become a director, whether immediately or at a future ageEach person who accepts , and is stated as accepting, responsibility for, or for any part of, the prospectusEach former(a) person who has authorised the circumscribe o f the prospectus or any part of it andThe offerer of t he securities and its directors where It is not the issuerIt can whence be seen that both Jim an JZ Horgan will be persons who are responsible to Zara and may therefore be need to indemnify her.JZ Horgan and Jim are responsible for the prospectus and are liable to pay compensation to any person who has acquired any of the securities to which it relates and suffered hurt as a result of any untrue or cheapjack literary argument in it or of the indifference of any matter required to be included under the Act or regulations7. The provisions do not require Zara to say that she relied on the misstatement in order to draw a cause of action, but she must be able to show at least a casual tie in between the misstatement or omission and the liberation will have to be proven. Zara has said that she would not have bought the securities had she known about the action brought by the rival company. The loss is of course the one million pound that has been paid by the company and the resu lting decrease in the value of the shares. As regards the bank, irrespective of their knowledge they will still be liable. This is because the statute does not require the maker of the statement to have assumed responsibility towards the claimant. thusly Zara will be authorise to be compensated for the loss that she has suffered from.JZ Horgan and Jim could raise a defence. The defences that are lendable to them are contained in schedule 10 and regulation 15 and they provide persons responsible for the misstatement or omissions with exemptions. They will be able to escape financial obligation if they can satisfy the court (a) that he slightly believed that there were no misstatements or omissions and that he had done all that could reasonably be expected to ensure that there were not any and that, if any came to his knowledge, they were corrected in time or (b) that the plaintiff acquired the securities with knowledge of the falsification of the statement or of the matter omitt ed. Where the statement in question is made by an sound and is stated to be included with the adroits consent, these rules are utilize to the belief that the expert was competent and had consented to the inclusion of this statement. It is unlikely that JZ Horgan and Jim will be able to piece that either these exemptions apply and therefore will be considered to be liable to pay compensation to Zara.It should be note that if for any reason this action to recover damages failed for any reason then Zara would be able to seek compensation against JZ Horgan and Jim in three separate ways. The first would be damages at viridity truth. The common law provides civil remedies for misrepresentations which have caused loss to those who have relied upon them8. Zara may come up as well have the common law natural selection of her right to bring up the contract. The common law allows , in certain circumstances , claimants to rescind a contract entered into as a result of misrepresenta tion whether that misrepresentation is dishonorable , negligent or completely innocent. Such a right would be actionable against the company only as the company is the person with whom Zara entered the contract with. The final alternative option would be to make a claim for breach of contract. The advantage of establishing this would be that the misrepresentee would have a claim in damages to be realized to be assess on the contractual basis, rather than the tortious basis. Therefore Zara may be able to claim for heads of damages such as the loss of the expected profit on the shares.Question 3Jims obligation under s80 (1) of the Financial Services and Marketing Act 2000, implementing Article 21 (1) of the Listing Directive, that the prospectus submitted to the FSA shall contain all such information as investors and their professional advisors would reasonable require and reasonably expect to find is a continuing obligation. Under s81, if by and by the preparation of a prospectus but before dealing in the securities begins there is any qualify significant for the purposes of making an informed assessment, the company must submit to the FSA a supplementary prospectus for approval. If the company is not aware of the change, it is not required to comply with the obligation, but any person responsible for the prospectus who does know of the change is under a duty to notify it to the company.To determine whether or not the information that the company has just settled an intellectual property claim for 1million and that a profit warning is just about to be made should have been disclosed any purchasers of the securities s80(4)permits regard to be had not only to the nature of the issuer and of the securities but also to the nature of the persons likely to consider acquiring the securities, the knowledge which their professional advisers may be expected to have and to information already in the public domain by virtue of its publication under statutory or regula tory requirements. We are not made aware of any information about the purchasers advisers however the information is not information that is required to be in the public domain as a claim has been brought not actually heard. If the claim had been heard at court and been successful then it may fall in the public domain, therefore on this basis it is information that should have been disclosed in the prospectus.The next question that falls to be addressed as to whether Jim and JZ Horgan and now the company were persons who were responsible for the prospectus and this can be determined by reference to regulation 13 of the Public Offers of Securities Regulations.9 The persons responsible areThe issuer (the company)The directors of the IssuerEach person who has authorised himself to be named, and is named, as having agreed to become a director, whether immediately or at a future timeEach person who accepts , and is stated as accepting, responsibility for, or for any part of, the prospect usEach other person who has authorised the contents o f the prospectus or any part of it andThe offeror of the securities and its directors where It is not the issuerIt can therefore be seen that the company will be liable as the issuer of the securities.The company is liable for the misleading and or omission of information and are liable to pay compensation to any person who has acquired any of the securities to which it relates and suffered loss as a result of any untrue or misleading statement in it or of the omission of any matter required to be included under the Act or regulations10. The provisions do not require the purchasers to show that she relied on the misstatement in order to establish a cause of action, but she must be able to show at least a casual link between the misstatement or omission and the loss will have to be proven. The loss is of course the one million pound that has been paid by the company and the resulting decrease in the value of the shares.The frater nity could raise a defence. The defences that are available to them are contained in schedule 10 and regulation 15 and they provide persons responsible for the misstatement or omissions with exemptions. They will be able to escape indebtedness if they can satisfy the court (a) that he reasonably believed that there were no misstatements or omissions and that he had done all that could reasonably be expected to ensure that there were not any and that, if any came to his knowledge, they were corrected in time or (b) that the plaintiff acquired the securities with knowledge of the falsity of the statement or of the matter omitted. Where the statement in question is made by an expert and is stated to be included with the experts consent, these rules are applied to the belief that the expert was competent and had consented to the inclusion of this statement. It is unlikely that the company will be able to establish that either these exemptions apply and therefore will be considered to be liable to pay compensation to the purchasers of the shares.It should be noted that if for any reason this action to recover damages failed for any reason then the purchasers would be able to seek compensation against the companyin three other ways. The first would be damages at common law. The common law provides civil remedies for misrepresentations which have caused loss to those who have relied upon them11. The company may well also have the common law option of her right to rescind the contract. The common law allows , in certain circumstances , claimants to rescind a contract entered into as a result of misrepresentation whether that misrepresentation is fraudulent , negligent or wholly innocent. Such a right would be actionable against the company only as the company is the person with whom the purchasers entered the contract with. The final alternative option would be to make a claim for breach of contract. The advantage of establishing this would be that the misrepresentee would have a claim in damages to be established to be assess on the contractual basis, rather than the tortious basis. expected profit on the shares.In rumination of whether or not Jim will be liable to those purchasers himself the principle of contain liability should be considered. The principle of limited liability stipulates that a director/shareholder will be limited in personal liability to there shareholding, therefore on the reflection of it would seem that Jim is not in person liable. However, it should also be considered whether or not Jim had the actual authority to issue the shares. The reason that this question arises as when he originally issued the shares he was performing a sole trader, this is of course no longer the case and reference should therefore be made to the companies articles. If he was acting outside of his authority and not as an agent of the company it could be that he could be held personally liable for any loss which these shareholders have suffere d from.BibliographyLegislationCompanies Act 1985Financial Services and Marketing Act 2000 refutal Act 1967Public Offers of Securities RegulationsCasesDerry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cass 337Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd 1964 A C 465New Brunswick and Canada railway system Co v Muggeridge (1860) 1 DR SM 363Re Nuneaton Football Club 1989 BC L C 454 CABooksBailey E, Groves H, Smith C , (2001) Corporate Insolvency Law and Practice, 2nd magnetic variation, ButterworthsCheffins B, (1997) gild Law Theory Structure and Operation, Clarendon PressDavies P, (2002) An Introduction to Company Law, Oxford University PressDavies P, (2002) Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law, 7th Edition Sweet and MaxwellGriffin S , (2000) Company Law wakeless Principles, 3rd Edition, Harlow PressHicks A Goo, (2001) Cases and Materials in Company Law, quaternary Edition,Blackstone1Footnotes1 S 80 (10) The Companies Act 19852 S80 (9) The Companies Act 19853 See Ss89 to 96 The Companies Ac t 19854 See RE Nuneaton Football Club 1989 BC L C 454 CA5 Per Kindersley V C in New Brunswick and Canada Railway Co v Muggeridge (1860) 1 DR SM 3636 SI 1995/1537 as revise7 S90(1) and reg 14 (1)8 See Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cass 337 The Misrepresentation Act 1967 Hedley Byrne Co Ltdv Heller Partners Ltd 1964 A C 4659 SI 1995/1537 as amended10 S90(1) and reg 14 (1)11 See Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cass 337 The Misrepresentation Act 1967 Hedley Byrne Co Ltdv Heller Partners Ltd 1964 A C 465The manhood Who Bombed Karachi A Memoir by full admiral SM NandaThe Man Who Bombed Karachi A Memoir by Admiral SM NandaThe have got by Admiral SM Nanda, The Man Who Bombed Karachi A Memoir, is an autobiography by an Indian naval officer who retired as the Chief of oceanic staff ( central nervous system) and is often remembered for his about remarkable and vital role played during the provision and execution of oceanic operations which led to the historical supremacy of India over Pakistan during the 1971 conflict. The author, who was the then CNS during the 1971 conflict with Pakistan, is the most qualified person to bring out the diverse aspects of the successful operations carried out by the Indian dark blue on both the Western and Eastern theatres during the conflict.The book brings out a structure narration by the author of his childhood at Manora Island off Karachi where he was born. The initial chapters of the book, takes the referee from his childhood to the youth of the author at Minora, where he studied, and on completion of his high school, worked at the Port and Pilotage subdivision prior joining the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) and commissioned as an acting sub lieutenant in the Royal Indian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RINVR) on 11 Oct 1941.The author gives a detailed account of his experiences during his distinguished career in the Navy, which lasted 32 years and also about his subsequent tenure as the CMD of the Shipping Corporation of India (SCI ). The ratifier gets firsthand information on the Royal Indian Navy confusion which is brought out in great detail in Chapter 3 of the book while narrating the authors tenure at the Signal School, HMIS Talwar, at Bombay. The book also provides brief account of the authors experiences with eminent personalities while he visited various countries during his tenures onboard various Naval ships. Chapter 9 of the book gives an insight on the evolvement of the nations capability in ship building, as the author narrates the numerous hurdles which he had to face as the Managing Director, Mazagon Docks, and how he successfully accomplished the assigned tasks.The book also provides numerous achievements of the author during his tenures as the Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet (FOCIF) and FOC-in-C West. Transformation of a single day celebration of the Navy day to a weeklong Navy Week celebration consisting mega events including limited freshen of the Indian Fleet by the President of In dia in 1969 is one among them. On page 158, the author states that, 45 warships, Indias first submarine (the Khanderi), five border Guard ships and eight merchant ships were on parade during the fleet review on 28 Dec 1969. The reader could be confused after learning that the Indian Coast Guard was formally constituted only on 01 Feb 1977.The book narrates in detail, the evolvement of the 1971 conflict with Pakistan, the elaborate preparation planning and execution of the Naval power during the conflict and how effectively these culminated in the victory of the nation thereby rendering Navy a formidable pull up which was neglected till then. Chapters 12 to 15 of the book take the reader deeper into the conflict which offers interesting reading even to a layman with the cooperate of simple, clear sketches and photographs. The ocean battle which was fought in both Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal are discussed in detail with interesting narrations.In the section Way ahead, towards the later part of the book, the author also brings out apocalyptical measures for the future Indian Navy. It is felt that, the book has largely succeeded in providing a deep insight to the achievements of Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda(Retd.) PVSM, AVSM. The reader however may withhold a feeling that, the author has also endeavored, to a certain extent to clarify certain details pertaining to his reputation, especially his post retirement life.